The correct answer is B: Shudras.
Explanation:
Peasants and artisans were referred to as Shudras in the Hindu varna system. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Varna System: The varna system is a social hierarchy that developed in ancient India. It divided society into four main varnas or social classes based on occupation and birth.
2. Shudras: The Shudras were the lowest varna in the social hierarchy. They were primarily engaged in manual labor, including agricultural work, and were considered the servants and laborers of the upper varnas.
3. Peasants: Peasants were individuals who worked in agriculture and were responsible for cultivating the land and producing food.
4. Artisans: Artisans were skilled craftsmen who worked in various trades and produced goods such as pottery, textiles, metalwork, etc.
5. Role and Status: Both peasants and artisans held a lower social status compared to the higher varnas such as the Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), and Vaishyas (merchants and farmers).
6. Discrimination: The Shudras and other lower varnas faced discrimination and social restrictions, including limited access to education, religious rituals, and political power.
In conclusion, peasants and artisans were referred to as Shudras in the Hindu varna system, which placed them in the lowest social class.