Factors contributing to the formation of dense fog in the North East part of India:

- Geographical Location: The North East part of India is surrounded by hills and mountains, which creates a unique topography. The region is also influenced by the Bay of Bengal, which brings in moisture-laden winds. These geographical factors contribute to the formation of fog in this region.

- Climatic Conditions: The North East experiences a humid subtropical climate with high levels of humidity. During the winter months, cold air from the north interacts with the moist air from the Bay of Bengal, leading to temperature inversion. This inversion traps the moisture close to the ground, resulting in the formation of fog.

- Vegetation Cover: The region is known for its dense forests and extensive vegetation cover. The dense vegetation releases moisture into the air, increasing the humidity levels. This, combined with the cold air, creates favorable conditions for fog formation.

- Industrial and Agricultural Activities: The North East region has witnessed rapid industrialization and agricultural expansion in recent years. These activities release pollutants into the air, which can act as condensation nuclei for fog formation. The presence of pollutants enhances the density and persistence of fog in the region.

Impact of dense fog:

- Transport Disruptions: Dense fog reduces visibility, making it hazardous for transportation. Road, rail, and air traffic are severely impacted, leading to delays and cancellations. This not only affects the movement of people and goods but also disrupts the socio-economic activities of the region.

- Health Hazards: Fog can have adverse effects on respiratory health, especially for individuals with pre-existing conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. The high levels of humidity and pollutants in the fog can exacerbate respiratory problems and lead to an increase in respiratory illnesses.

- Economic Losses: The disruptions caused by dense fog result in economic losses for various sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and trade. Delayed or canceled flights, reduced visibility for maritime activities, and transportation difficulties impact the overall economic productivity of the region.

Measures to mitigate the impact of fog:

- Improved Weather Forecasting: Accurate and timely weather forecasting can help in predicting fog events. This can enable authorities to take necessary precautions and issue warnings to minimize the impact on transportation and other activities.

- Infrastructure Development: The development of infrastructure such as fog lights, reflective road markers, and improved signaling systems can enhance visibility during foggy conditions. This can help in reducing accidents and ensuring the safety of commuters.

- Public Awareness and Education: Creating awareness among the public about fog-related hazards, precautions, and safe driving practices can help in minimizing accidents and health risks. Educational campaigns can also focus on the importance of using fog lights and maintaining a safe distance between vehicles.

- Promotion of Clean Technologies: Encouraging industries and agricultural practices to adopt cleaner technologies can help in reducing the release of pollutants into the air. This can contribute to minimizing the density and persistence of fog in the region.

- Research and Development: Investing in research and development to understand the dynamics of fog formation in the North East region can lead to the development of targeted solutions. This can include the development