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Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? for CLAT 2025 is part of CLAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CLAT exam syllabus. Information about Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CLAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CLAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CLAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Directions: Kindly read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.Is depression more difficult to treat in old age? Late life depression (LLD) is caused by multiple factors working together. It has three broad risk factors — biological, psychological, and social. Scientists are yet to identify a candidate biomarker — a biological molecule in blood, body fluids, or other tissues, that is a sign of a disease process — for LLD. On the other hand, studies have found some evidence for genetic contribution to LLD. Scientists have also advanced several hypotheses involving the genes that code for serotonin synthesis, norepinephrine transporter, and the neurotrophic factor, but these ideas require more tests. A subset of LLD, called vascular depression, may be associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Stress that accumulates over one’s life leads to a sustained secretion of cortisol, the hormone that regulates the body’s stress response. Increased cortisol levels lead to the loss of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is implicated in memory and learning. (This brain cell loss can be partially mitigated by the use of antidepressants.)Researchers have proposed a vascular theory based on the observation that depression is a frequent outcome in people who have had a stroke. Vascular depression is associated with brain lesions, which appear as bright spots on brain scans. These spots, called white matter hyperintensities, disrupt brain signalling and brain circuits. Heart attacks and heart conditions often lead to LLD, as do diabetes and hip fracture. Depressive symptoms can also manifest if a person doesn’t optimally recover from physical illnesses. Personality attributes may colour the origin and expression of depressive symptoms in older adults. Neuroticism — the personality disposition to experience negative emotions, anger, irritability, and emotional instability — is consistently implicated in LLD. Depressed individuals may overreact to life events or misinterpret them. Recent adverse life events (loss of a job, bereavement, etc.) are more frequently reported among depressed elderly people than among nondepressed older adults. The locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual feels a sense of agency in their life. A person with an external locus of control will feel that external forces — such as random chance, environmental factors, or the actions of others — are more responsible for the events that occur in their own life. The 1995 Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam found that the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms were predicted by having an external locus of control.Q.Which of the following statements undermines the argument that depressed individuals might exhibit heightened reactions or misinterpretations of life events?a)Responses are not exclusive to depression and can also be seen in individuals without the disorder.b)Stressful life events were more linked to depression in individuals with an external locus of control.c)Individuals with a prior history of depression were inclined to construe ambiguous information negatively compared to non-depressed individuals.d)The inability to recall specific positive experiences accurately can render individuals more prone to negative interpretations and exaggerated reactions to life events.Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CLAT tests.