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In the context of Mughal period, consider the following statements about 'Khudkasht' (a class of peasants):
1. They were the peasants who owned the land they tilled.
2. They were exempted from paying land revenue.
3. They were often exploited by the muzarian.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. They were the peasants who owned the land they tilled.
2. They were exempted from paying land revenue.
3. They were often exploited by the muzarian.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- a)1 only
- b)3 only
- c)1 and 2 only
- d)2 and 3 only
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
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In the context of Mughal period, consider the following statements abo...
Background:
The Mughal period in India, which lasted from the 16th to the 18th century, witnessed significant socio-economic changes. The Mughal emperors introduced various administrative and agrarian reforms, which had an impact on different sections of society, including the peasants. Khudkasht was a class of peasants during this period. Let us analyze the given statements about Khudkasht in detail.
The first statement is correct. Khudkasht peasants were indeed the ones who owned the land they cultivated. They had the right to possess and use the land, unlike other categories of peasants who were often dependent on landlords or the state for land.
The second statement is incorrect. Khudkasht peasants were not exempted from paying land revenue. In fact, they were required to pay a share of their produce as land revenue to the Mughal state. This revenue was collected by the officials of the state.
The third statement is incorrect. The term "muzarian" is not commonly used in the context of the Mughal period. It is possible that there was a typo or misinterpretation of the term. However, if we assume that it refers to the local zamindars or landlords, then it is not accurate to say that Khudkasht peasants were often exploited by them. As mentioned earlier, Khudkasht peasants owned the land they cultivated, which provided them with some level of autonomy and protection against exploitation.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Statement 1 only. Khudkasht peasants were the ones who owned the land they tilled, but they were not exempted from paying land revenue. It is important to note that the socio-economic conditions and experiences of peasants during the Mughal period varied depending on several factors, such as region, local power dynamics, and specific agrarian policies implemented by the Mughal administration.
The Mughal period in India, which lasted from the 16th to the 18th century, witnessed significant socio-economic changes. The Mughal emperors introduced various administrative and agrarian reforms, which had an impact on different sections of society, including the peasants. Khudkasht was a class of peasants during this period. Let us analyze the given statements about Khudkasht in detail.
1. They were the peasants who owned the land they tilled.
The first statement is correct. Khudkasht peasants were indeed the ones who owned the land they cultivated. They had the right to possess and use the land, unlike other categories of peasants who were often dependent on landlords or the state for land.
2. They were exempted from paying land revenue.
The second statement is incorrect. Khudkasht peasants were not exempted from paying land revenue. In fact, they were required to pay a share of their produce as land revenue to the Mughal state. This revenue was collected by the officials of the state.
3. They were often exploited by the muzarian.
The third statement is incorrect. The term "muzarian" is not commonly used in the context of the Mughal period. It is possible that there was a typo or misinterpretation of the term. However, if we assume that it refers to the local zamindars or landlords, then it is not accurate to say that Khudkasht peasants were often exploited by them. As mentioned earlier, Khudkasht peasants owned the land they cultivated, which provided them with some level of autonomy and protection against exploitation.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Statement 1 only. Khudkasht peasants were the ones who owned the land they tilled, but they were not exempted from paying land revenue. It is important to note that the socio-economic conditions and experiences of peasants during the Mughal period varied depending on several factors, such as region, local power dynamics, and specific agrarian policies implemented by the Mughal administration.
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In the context of Mughal period, consider the following statements abo...
- Peasants formed the overwhelming majority of the population in medieval India. It was, however, not a homogenous group. One end of the spectrum was represented by rich peasants (khuts & muqaddams during Delhi Sultanate and khudkasht during the Mughal period), having large holdings and cultivated their lands with the help of hired labour.
- Statement 1 is correct: Khudkashts were the rich/prosperous peasants who owned tracts of land and tools of agriculture.
- Statement 2 is not correct: They paid land revenue at customary rates. Some of them had many ploughs and bullocks which they let out to their poorer brethren, the tenants or muzarian who generally paid land revenue at a higher rate. These two groups were the largest section among the cultivators in the village.
- Statement 3 is not correct: The khudkasht who claimed to be the original settlers of the village often belonged to a single dominant caste or castes. These castes not only dominated the village society, they exploited the other or weaker sections. In turn, they were often exploited by the zamindars.
- Muzarian belonged to the same village but did not have either land or implements and hence were dependent on the Khud-kasht for their supply.
- Muzarian belonged to the same village but did not have either land or implements and hence were dependent on the Khud-kasht for their supply.
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In the context of Mughal period, consider the following statements about Khudkasht (a class of peasants):1. They were the peasants who owned the land they tilled.2. They were exempted from paying land revenue.3. They were often exploited by the muzarian.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?a)1 onlyb)3 onlyc)1 and 2 onlyd)2 and 3 onlyCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
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