According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the primitive level of moral development is called the pre-conventional level. This level is characterized by a focus on self-interest and the avoidance of punishment. At this level, individuals make moral decisions based on the consequences they might face for their actions.

The correct answer to the question is option B) Rewards and punishment. This means that at the primitive level of moral development, individuals decide what is moral or immoral based on the potential rewards or punishments they may receive for their actions. Let's explore this further:

Explanation:

1. Pre-Conventional Level:
- The pre-conventional level is the first stage of moral development according to Kohlberg's theory.
- At this level, moral decisions are based on a self-centered perspective and a desire to avoid punishment.
- Individuals at this level focus on their own self-interest and personal gain.
- They make decisions based on what will bring them rewards or what will help them avoid punishment.

2. Rewards and Punishment:
- At the pre-conventional level, individuals determine what is right or wrong based on the potential rewards or punishments they may receive.
- They engage in moral behavior to gain rewards or avoid negative consequences.
- For example, a child might refrain from stealing a toy because they fear being punished by their parents.
- Similarly, a person might help someone in need because they expect to be rewarded for their actions.

3. Critique of Pre-Conventional Level:
- While the pre-conventional level is a necessary stage in moral development, it is also limited.
- The focus on rewards and punishments can lead to a narrow understanding of morality.
- At this level, individuals do not consider broader ethical principles or the needs and perspectives of others.

4. Advancement to Higher Levels:
- As individuals progress through Kohlberg's stages of moral development, they move beyond the pre-conventional level.
- They begin to consider broader ethical principles, such as social contracts, individual rights, and the well-being of others.
- These higher levels of moral development involve a more sophisticated understanding of morality and a greater emphasis on empathy and justice.

In summary, according to Kohlberg's theory, at the primitive level of moral development (pre-conventional level), individuals decide what is moral or immoral based on the potential rewards or punishments they may receive. This focus on rewards and punishments is limited and does not consider broader ethical principles or the needs of others. As individuals progress through the stages of moral development, they develop a more complex understanding of morality.