History of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt, one of the world's oldest civilizations, flourished along the Nile River for over 3,000 years. This period is divided into several distinct eras, each marked by different rulers, achievements, and cultural advancements.

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2686 BCE)
- The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by King Narmer marked the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period.
- Hieroglyphic writing, monumental architecture, and centralized government emerged during this time.

Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BCE)
- The Old Kingdom is known for the construction of massive pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza built by Pharaoh Khufu.
- Pharaohs were considered living gods and were believed to ensure the prosperity of Egypt.

Middle Kingdom (c. 2055-1650 BCE)
- The Middle Kingdom was characterized by territorial expansion, cultural flourishing, and the development of literature and art.
- Pharaohs focused on improving infrastructure and social welfare for their subjects.

New Kingdom (c. 1550-1069 BCE)
- The New Kingdom saw Egypt reach its peak of power and influence, with famous rulers like Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and Ramesses II.
- Military conquests, monumental building projects, and international trade defined this era.

Decline and End of Ancient Egypt
- Internal strife, foreign invasions, and economic decline led to the weakening of Egypt in the Late Period (c. 664-332 BCE).
- The conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE marked the end of ancient Egyptian civilization as an independent entity.