Concept of Determinism and Neo-determinism
Determinism is the philosophical belief that all events, including human actions, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will. This means that every event or state of affairs, including every human decision and action, is the inevitable result of preceding events.

Determinism
- In determinism, the future is seen as completely predictable if one knows all the relevant factors at play.
- Philosophers like Spinoza and Leibniz have contributed to the development of deterministic theories.
- Determinism has been criticized for its implications on free will and moral responsibility.

Neo-determinism
- Neo-determinism is a modernized version of determinism that takes into account the complexities of contemporary science and technology.
- It suggests that while events may be determined by preceding causes, there is still room for some level of unpredictability or indeterminacy.
- Neo-determinism acknowledges the influence of quantum mechanics and chaos theory in shaping our understanding of causality.
In conclusion, while determinism posits a strict causal relationship between events, neo-determinism introduces a more flexible and nuanced perspective that allows for some degree of uncertainty and complexity in the way events unfold. Both concepts have sparked debates in philosophy, science, and ethics, shaping our understanding of how the world operates.