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Topic new agricultural technology. examine the technological change that occurred in Europe by the eleventh century.Also discuss the effect of these changes?
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Topic new agricultural technology. examine the technological change th...


Technological Changes in European Agriculture by the Eleventh Century

Introduction:
By the eleventh century, Europe experienced significant technological changes in agriculture that revolutionized the way food was produced.

Key Technological Changes:
  • Introduction of the heavy plow: The heavy plow made it easier to cultivate the heavy clay soils of Northern Europe, increasing agricultural productivity.
  • Use of the three-field system: Farmers began rotating crops between three fields, allowing the soil to recover nutrients and increase yields.
  • Advancements in irrigation techniques: Improved irrigation systems were developed, enabling farmers to water their crops more efficiently.
  • Introduction of the horse collar: The horse collar replaced the ox collar, allowing horses to be used for plowing and transportation, increasing efficiency.
  • Development of windmills and watermills: Windmills and watermills were used to grind grain, reducing manual labor and increasing production.



Effects of Technological Changes:
  • Increase in agricultural productivity: The technological advancements led to higher yields and increased food production, supporting a growing population.
  • Growth of towns and cities: Surpluses in food production allowed for the growth of towns and cities, leading to increased trade and economic prosperity.
  • Shift towards a market economy: The surplus of agricultural goods enabled the development of a market economy, where goods were bought and sold for profit.
  • Improvement in living standards: With more food available, living standards improved, and people had access to a greater variety of foods.
  • Enhanced social structure: The changes in agriculture led to the emergence of a more complex social structure, with specialized roles and increased social mobility.


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Topic new agricultural technology. examine the technological change that occurred in Europe by the eleventh century.Also discuss the effect of these changes?
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