The chemical composition of sperm is complex and cannot be represented by a single chemical formula. Instead, it comprises various components that contribute to its structure and function.

1. Key Components of Sperm
- **Spermatozoa**: The main cell type, containing a head, midpiece, and tail.
- **DNA**: Genetic material is located in the head of the sperm, typically organized as 23 chromosomes.
- **Proteins**: Various proteins support cellular functions, including enzymes and structural proteins.
- **Lipids**: Essential for membrane integrity, they contribute to the fluidity of the sperm cell membrane.
- **Carbohydrates**: Primarily in the form of glycoproteins, they play roles in cell recognition and interaction.

2. Sperm Composition Breakdown
- **Water**: Makes up about 90% of sperm fluid, serving as a solvent for other components.
- **Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)**: Ions that help maintain osmotic balance and membrane potential.
- **Calcium (Ca²+)**: Important for motility; it plays a role in the activation of sperm.
- **Fructose**: A sugar that provides energy for sperm motility.
- **Citrate**: Acts as a buffer to maintain pH levels and serves as an energy source.

3. Sperm Functionality
- **Motility**: The structure (flagellum) enables movement towards the egg.
- **Fertilization**: Sperm must undergo capacitation, a biochemical change, to successfully penetrate the egg.
- **Genetic Transmission**: Sperm carries paternal DNA necessary for fertilization.
Understanding sperm's biochemical makeup is crucial for studies in reproductive biology and fertility. Each component plays a vital role in ensuring successful reproduction.