First Non-Cooperation Movement Led by Gandhiji
The First Non-Cooperation Movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, marked a significant phase in the Indian freedom struggle. This movement aimed to resist British rule through non-violent means, encouraging Indians to withdraw from British institutions and promote self-reliance.

Background
- The movement arose in response to the oppressive Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, which ignited widespread discontent against British colonial rule.
- Gandhi proposed a non-violent method of protest, emphasizing the need for unity among Indians across various communities.

Key Features
- **Non-Cooperation:** Indians were urged to withdraw from government schools, courts, and administrative services, and to boycott British goods.
- **Self-Reliance:** The movement promoted the use of swadeshi (indigenous goods) to strengthen the Indian economy and reduce dependency on British products.
- **Mass Mobilization:** The campaign mobilized diverse sections of society, including the middle class, students, and peasants, making it one of the largest movements in Indian history at that time.

Impact
- The movement saw a significant response, with millions participating in protests and boycotts, showcasing a unified front against British rule.
- In 1922, the movement was halted by Gandhi due to the outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura, where protestors killed policemen, emphasizing his commitment to non-violence.

Conclusion
The First Non-Cooperation Movement laid the foundation for subsequent movements in the Indian independence struggle, establishing Gandhi's leadership and the importance of civil disobedience as a tool for resistance against colonial powers.