Introduction to Female Reproduction
Reproduction in females primarily occurs in the ovaries, starting at puberty and continuing through reproductive years until menopause.
Ovarian Function
- The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
- Each month, during the menstrual cycle, several follicles begin to mature, but usually, only one becomes dominant and releases an egg.
Menstrual Cycle Phases
- Follicular Phase:
- Begins on the first day of menstruation.
- Follicles develop under the influence of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
- Ovulation:
- Occurs around day 14 in a typical 28-day cycle.
- The dominant follicle releases an egg into the fallopian tube, stimulated by a surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
- Luteal Phase:
- After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum.
- This structure secretes progesterone, preparing the uterine lining for potential implantation.
Fertilization Process
- If sperm is present in the fallopian tube (from intercourse), fertilization can occur within 24 hours after ovulation.
- The fertilized egg (zygote) then travels to the uterus, where it may implant into the uterine lining.
Pregnancy and Menopause
- If implantation occurs, pregnancy begins, lasting approximately nine months.
- If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in hormone levels, and menstruation starts anew.
- This cyclical process continues until menopause, when ovarian function ceases, typically around age 50.
Conclusion
Understanding female reproduction involves recognizing the intricate hormonal and physiological changes that enable the process of ovulation, fertilization, and potential pregnancy.