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Which of the following best defines Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?
  • a)
    A condition caused solely by environmental factors leading to respiratory failure.
  • b)
    A rare neurological condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons.
  • c)
    A common disease affecting only young adults with no known genetic factors.
  • d)
    A reversible condition that primarily affects voluntary muscle control.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
Which of the following best defines Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?a) A co...
Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is defined as a rare condition that results from the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, which are crucial for transmitting signals from the brain to muscles. This degeneration leads to muscle weakness and atrophy, significantly affecting voluntary and involuntary movements. While MND can arise from various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, it predominantly affects older adults. Understanding MND is vital for developing targeted therapies, as current treatments focus on symptom management rather than curing the disease. An interesting fact is that about 20% of MND cases have a genetic component, highlighting the importance of genetic research in understanding the disease.
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Rats exposed to stress during early development inherit the effects of that stress to their offspring, largely expressed in behavior impairments but also characteristics of resilience. Providing environmental enrichment to the future mother rats had a remedial role on some of the negative effects.The researchers studied 40 female rats weaned at 27 days of age. One group of these females -- the control group -- was then raised normally in individual cages; the second group was exposed to different stressors; the third was enriched; and the fourth group was both stressed and enriched. The matured rats were mated at 60 days, had normal pregnancies and births, and their offspring pups were divided into two groups -- one raised normally, and the other raised in an enriched environment, so that the effect of "therapy" on the next generation could also be evaluated. The offspring groups were then evaluated with respect to social interaction, anxiety levels, ability to learn and capacity to cope with fear.The study's main findings showed that the early treatment of the mothers impacted their offspring behavior. Stress to the mothers reduced social interaction in their offspring, but improved their ability to learn to avoid distress. Male offspring were also better at coping with fear. ##Some of these changes were mitigated by enrichment to the mothers, so that stressed the mothers and then providing them with a "therapeutic" (enriche d) environment, prevented some, but not all, of the effects in the next generation.## Providing enrichment to the offspring also offset some of the inherited effects.According to the researchers, their study, with other evidence, suggests that evolution equipped the parent generation to sample its environment, and then, possibly via heritable epigenetic changes, to prepare the next generation to better cope with this environment, it is important to investigate whether stressful experiences at a young age affect the next generation, and whether therapeutic experiences can minimize the trans-generational effects in humans too. As study shows that the inheritance of the effects of adversity can be modified by timely intervention, this may have important educational and therapeutic implications.Q. Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?

Rats exposed to stress during early development inherit the effects of that stress to their offspring, largely expressed in behavior impairments but also characteristics of resilience. Providing environmental enrichment to the future mother rats had a remedial role on some of the negative effects.The researchers studied 40 female rats weaned at 27 days of age. One group of these females -- the control group -- was then raised normally in individual cages; the second group was exposed to different stressors; the third was enriched; and the fourth group was both stressed and enriched. The matured rats were mated at 60 days, had normal pregnancies and births, and their offspring pups were divided into two groups -- one raised normally, and the other raised in an enriched environment, so that the effect of "therapy" on the next generation could also be evaluated. The offspring groups were then evaluated with respect to social interaction, anxiety levels, ability to learn and capacity to cope with fear.The study's main findings showed that the early treatment of the mothers impacted their offspring behavior. Stress to the mothers reduced social interaction in their offspring, but improved their ability to learn to avoid distress. Male offspring were also better at coping with fear. ##Some of these changes were mitigated by enrichment to the mothers, so that stressed the mothers and then providing them with a "therapeutic" (enriche d) environment, prevented some, but not all, of the effects in the next generation.## Providing enrichment to the offspring also offset some of the inherited effects.According to the researchers, their study, with other evidence, suggests that evolution equipped the parent generation to sample its environment, and then, possibly via heritable epigenetic changes, to prepare the next generation to better cope with this environment, it is important to investigate whether stressful experiences at a young age affect the next generation, and whether therapeutic experiences can minimize the trans-generational effects in humans too. As study shows that the inheritance of the effects of adversity can be modified by timely intervention, this may have important educational and therapeutic implications.Q. Which of the following best explains the organization of the paragraph?

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Which of the following best defines Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?a) A condition caused solely by environmental factors leading to respiratory failure.b) A rare neurological condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons.c) A common disease affecting only young adults with no known genetic factors.d) A reversible condition that primarily affects voluntary muscle control.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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Which of the following best defines Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?a) A condition caused solely by environmental factors leading to respiratory failure.b) A rare neurological condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons.c) A common disease affecting only young adults with no known genetic factors.d) A reversible condition that primarily affects voluntary muscle control.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? for CLAT 2025 is part of CLAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CLAT exam syllabus. Information about Which of the following best defines Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?a) A condition caused solely by environmental factors leading to respiratory failure.b) A rare neurological condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons.c) A common disease affecting only young adults with no known genetic factors.d) A reversible condition that primarily affects voluntary muscle control.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CLAT 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Which of the following best defines Motor Neuron Disease (MND)?a) A condition caused solely by environmental factors leading to respiratory failure.b) A rare neurological condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons.c) A common disease affecting only young adults with no known genetic factors.d) A reversible condition that primarily affects voluntary muscle control.Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?.
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