Understanding British Policies in Modern India for UPSC Prelims
Preparing notes on British policies in modern India requires a structured approach. Here’s a guide to help you create effective and concise notes.
1. Timeline of British Policies
- 1858: Government of India Act – Transfer of power from East India Company to the British Crown.
- 1919: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms – Introduction of dyarchy in provincial governance.
- 1935: Government of India Act – Establishment of provincial autonomy and the federal structure.
2. Key Policies and Their Impacts
- Land Revenue Policies:
- Permanent Settlement (1793) – Introduced in Bengal, fixed revenue and led to zamindari system.
- Ryotwari System – Direct collection from farmers in regions like Bombay.
- Educational Policies:
- Macaulay’s Minute (1835) – Emphasis on English education, creation of a class of educated Indians.
- Establishment of universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras (1857).
3. Economic Policies
- Drain of Wealth: Systematic exploitation of resources leading to economic decline in India.
- Industrial Policies: Promotion of British industries, neglect of Indian industries.
4. Social and Political Policies
- Repressive Measures: Rowlatt Act (1919) and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) leading to widespread unrest.
- Division of Society: Policies fostering communal divisions, exemplified by the partition of Bengal (1905).
5. Major Movements Against British Policies
- Swadeshi Movement (1905) – Response to partition of Bengal.
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) – Led by Gandhi against salt laws.
6. Tips for Effective Note-Making
- Use bullet points for clarity.
- Highlight important dates and events.
- Summarize policies in your own words for better retention.
Following this guide will help you develop comprehensive notes that cover the essential aspects of British policies in modern India for your UPSC prelims preparation.