Mahmud of Ghazni was the ruler of Afghanistan.

Explanation:
Mahmud of Ghazni, also known as Mahmud Ghaznavi or Mahmud-i-Zabuli, was a prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. He reigned from 997 to 1030 CE and was born in 971 CE in the city of Ghazni, which is now located in present-day Afghanistan. Mahmud of Ghazni was the son of Subuktigin, the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty.

Mahmud's Conquests:
During his reign, Mahmud of Ghazni undertook numerous military campaigns and conquests, which earned him the title of "Sword of Islam." He aimed to expand his empire and consolidate his authority in the region. Some of his notable conquests include:

1. Indian Subcontinent:
Mahmud of Ghazni's most famous military campaigns were in the Indian subcontinent. He conducted a series of raids and invasions into northern India, targeting the wealthy Hindu temples and kingdoms. His primary goal was to plunder the vast wealth and acquire territories. Mahmud's expeditions into India were motivated by both political and religious factors.

2. Central Asia:
Apart from his conquests in India, Mahmud of Ghazni also expanded his empire into Central Asia. He led expeditions against various Turkic and Persian rulers, capturing territories and establishing his authority over the region.

3. Persia:
Mahmud of Ghazni also extended his influence into Persia, particularly in the western parts. He defeated and overthrew the Samanid dynasty, gaining control over parts of Persia.

Legacy:
Mahmud of Ghazni's conquests had a significant impact on the political and cultural landscape of the regions he conquered. He was a patron of art, literature, and scholarship, and his court became a center of learning and intellectual pursuits. Mahmud also promoted the spread of Islam in the territories he ruled.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Mahmud of Ghazni was the ruler of Afghanistan. He was a powerful and ambitious leader who successfully expanded his empire through military conquests in India, Central Asia, and Persia. His reign left a lasting impact on the regions he ruled and significantly influenced the history and culture of the time.

Actually his aim is to invade India for its welfare and he had no intension to build an empire in India but later he attacked India