Salient Features of Constitution and their Origins

1. Preamble
The Preamble of the Constitution is a concise statement that outlines the objectives and principles upon which the Constitution is based. It draws inspiration from various countries, including:

- United States of America: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution borrows the concept of "We the People" from the Preamble of the U.S. Constitution, which emphasizes the sovereignty of the people.
- France: The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which are mentioned in the Preamble, are derived from the French Revolution and its Constitution of 1791.

2. Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights are basic human rights that are guaranteed to every citizen. The Indian Constitution incorporates several features from different countries when it comes to Fundamental Rights:

- United States of America: The concept of fundamental rights, such as the right to equality, freedom of speech, and protection against discrimination, is inspired by the U.S. Bill of Rights.
- United Kingdom: The idea of judicial review, which allows the courts to review the constitutionality of laws, is derived from the British legal system.

3. Directive Principles of State Policy
Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the government to establish social and economic justice. The Indian Constitution draws inspiration from various sources for these principles:

- Ireland: The concept of Directive Principles is borrowed from the Irish Constitution, which aims to promote the welfare of the people and social justice.
- Soviet Union (USSR): The idea of a welfare state, which is a key component of the Directive Principles, is influenced by the socialist principles of the USSR.

4. Parliamentary System
India opted for a parliamentary system of government, where the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. This system has its roots in:

- United Kingdom: India adopted the parliamentary system from the British model, which includes a bicameral legislature, a cabinet system, and the concept of collective responsibility.

5. Independence of Judiciary
The Indian Constitution establishes an independent judiciary to ensure the rule of law and protect citizens' rights. This principle is influenced by:

- United States of America: The concept of an independent judiciary and the power of judicial review are derived from the U.S. Constitution, which ensures a system of checks and balances.

6. Emergency Provisions
The Constitution of India includes emergency provisions to deal with exceptional situations. These provisions have similarities with:

- Germany: The emergency provisions of the Indian Constitution draw inspiration from the Weimar Constitution of Germany, which was adopted during a tumultuous period.

Conclusion
The Indian Constitution incorporates salient features from various countries, including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the USSR, and Germany. These borrowed features help shape the Indian Constitution into a comprehensive and inclusive document that guarantees fundamental rights, establishes a parliamentary system, promotes social justice, and upholds the rule of law.

France , USA and Britain (England)