What are polar covalent bonds?

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Polar covalent bonds are a particular type of covalent bond. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus.

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Polar covalent bond,
The electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. This is because of the geometry of the molecule and the great electronegativity difference between the Hydrogen atom and the Oxygen atom.....

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Polar covalent bond is that type of covalent bond in which the shared pair of electron get tends toward the more electronegativity atom than the other atom (other atom means, the other atom which have taken part in bonding), and due this a partial charge or delta charge gets develop on both the atoms.

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>> In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus... This is because of the geometry of the molecule and the great electronegativity difference between the Hydrogen atom and the Oxygen atom...

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I think this is not there in NCERT textbook.

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Soluble in water

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Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when two atoms share electrons unequally. In this type of bond, the electrons are not shared equally between the atoms involved, resulting in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other. The electronegativity difference between the atoms determines the polarity of the bond.

The Nature of Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows both atoms to fill their valence shells, resulting in a more stable compound. In a pure covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. However, in a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not shared equally due to differences in electronegativity.

Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonds

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. When two atoms with different electronegativities form a covalent bond, the more electronegative atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, resulting in an uneven distribution of electron density. This creates a partial positive charge on the less electronegative atom and a partial negative charge on the more electronegative atom.

Example of a Polar Covalent Bond

One example of a polar covalent bond is the bond between hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) in a water molecule (H2O). Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it attracts the shared electrons more strongly. As a result, the oxygen atom becomes partially negative, while the hydrogen atoms become partially positive. This unequal sharing of electrons gives water its polar nature.

Effects of Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds have several important effects on molecules and compounds:

1. Dipole Moments: Polar covalent bonds create a separation of charge within a molecule, resulting in a dipole moment. This dipole moment can influence the physical and chemical properties of the compound.

2. Hydrogen Bonding: The presence of polar covalent bonds allows certain molecules to form hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another. These bonds are responsible for many important biological processes.

3. Solubility: Polar covalent compounds tend to be soluble in polar solvents due to the ability of like charges to attract each other. This allows the compound to dissolve and form a homogeneous solution.

4. Boiling and Melting Points: Polar covalent compounds generally have higher boiling and melting points compared to nonpolar compounds. This is because the polar bonds create stronger intermolecular forces, requiring more energy to overcome and change the state of the compound.

Overall, polar covalent bonds play a crucial role in determining the behavior and properties of many substances. By understanding the concept of electronegativity and how it affects the sharing of electrons in a chemical bond, we can better comprehend the diverse nature of molecules and compounds.

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