Biotechnology & its Applications PPT Biology Class 12

 Page 1


Nithina M
PGT BIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Page 2


Nithina M
PGT BIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
The critical areas of biotechnology
? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a  
microbe or pure enzyme.
? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act.
? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic  
compound.
? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE:
? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by
manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
?
? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants.
? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat)
? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop)
? Helped to reduce post harvest losses.
? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants.
? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice.
Page 3


Nithina M
PGT BIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
The critical areas of biotechnology
? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a  
microbe or pure enzyme.
? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act.
? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic  
compound.
? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE:
? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by
manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
?
? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants.
? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat)
? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop)
? Helped to reduce post harvest losses.
? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants.
? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice.
Bt Cotton
? Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill  
certain insects such as lepidopterans(tobacco budworm,  
armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies,  
mosquitoes).
? B.thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their  
growth.These crystals contain a toxicinsecticidal protein.
? These proteins are present in inactive protoxin form, but become active  
toxin in the alkaline pH of insect gut.
? The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and  
create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death  
of insect
? Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated form B. thuringiensis and  
genetically transferred to several plants such as cotton.
? Crystal proteins are produced by a gene called cry in B. thuringiensis.
? The protein coded by genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the  
cotton bollworms.
? The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer.
Page 4


Nithina M
PGT BIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
The critical areas of biotechnology
? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a  
microbe or pure enzyme.
? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act.
? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic  
compound.
? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE:
? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by
manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
?
? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants.
? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat)
? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop)
? Helped to reduce post harvest losses.
? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants.
? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice.
Bt Cotton
? Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill  
certain insects such as lepidopterans(tobacco budworm,  
armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies,  
mosquitoes).
? B.thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their  
growth.These crystals contain a toxicinsecticidal protein.
? These proteins are present in inactive protoxin form, but become active  
toxin in the alkaline pH of insect gut.
? The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and  
create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death  
of insect
? Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated form B. thuringiensis and  
genetically transferred to several plants such as cotton.
? Crystal proteins are produced by a gene called cry in B. thuringiensis.
? The protein coded by genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the  
cotton bollworms.
? The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer.
Pest resistant plants
? Several nematodes parasitize a wide variety of plants and animals including  
human beings.
? A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the root of tobacco plants and  
causes a great reduction in yield.
? Strategy based on RNA interference (RNAi) prevents this infestation.
? Process by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directs sequence-specific  
degradation of mRNA
Page 5


Nithina M
PGT BIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
The critical areas of biotechnology
? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a  
microbe or pure enzyme.
? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act.
? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic  
compound.
? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE:
? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by
manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
?
? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants.
? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat)
? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop)
? Helped to reduce post harvest losses.
? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants.
? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice.
Bt Cotton
? Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill  
certain insects such as lepidopterans(tobacco budworm,  
armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies,  
mosquitoes).
? B.thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their  
growth.These crystals contain a toxicinsecticidal protein.
? These proteins are present in inactive protoxin form, but become active  
toxin in the alkaline pH of insect gut.
? The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and  
create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death  
of insect
? Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated form B. thuringiensis and  
genetically transferred to several plants such as cotton.
? Crystal proteins are produced by a gene called cry in B. thuringiensis.
? The protein coded by genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the  
cotton bollworms.
? The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer.
Pest resistant plants
? Several nematodes parasitize a wide variety of plants and animals including  
human beings.
? A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the root of tobacco plants and  
causes a great reduction in yield.
? Strategy based on RNA interference (RNAi) prevents this infestation.
? Process by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directs sequence-specific  
degradation of mRNA
Steps of RNA interference
? Double stranded RNA is produced endogenously or exogenously .
? Using Agrobacterium vectors nematode specific genes were introduced into  
the host plant (tobacco plant).
? Introduction of DNA produces both sense and antisense RNA in the host.
? These two RNA’s being complementary to each other formed a double  
stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi.
? The dsRNA injected into the host plant from outside called exogenous  
dsRNA.
? The dsRNAs are cleaved into 21-23 nt segments (“small interfering
RNAs”, or siRNAs) by an enzyme called Dicer.
? siRNAs are incorporated into RNA-induced silencing complex  
(RISC)
? Guided by base complementarity of the siRNA, the RISC targets mRNA for  
degradation.
? The consequence was that the parasite could not survive in a transgenic host.