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Introduction
The dawn of independent India on August 15, 1947, marked the beginning of a new era under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. However, the path to nationhood was fraught with immediate, medium-term, and long-term challenges. The Independence Act outlined the resolution process for significant issues such as boundary settlement, division of civil services, and military assets. This chronology document delves into the critical events and challenges faced by India during its initial years of independence.
First Days of Independent India and Challenges
Radcliffe’s Boundary Award and Communal Riots
Challenges Associated with Division of Resources
Assassination of Gandhi and Communal Factors
Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Refugees
Communists and Independence
Conclusion
The initial years of independent India were marked by challenges, from boundary disputes and communal riots to the rehabilitation of refugees. The government's efforts to address these challenges, including the Delhi Pact on Minorities and the shift in the Communist strategy, reflected the complex dynamics of the time. Despite the tumultuous period, India embarked on a path towards constitutional democracy, laying the foundation for its future as a sovereign nation.
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FAQs on Cheat Sheet: Challenges before the Newborn Nation - History for UPSC CSE
| 1. What were the main challenges faced by India in the early days of independence? |  |
Ans. In the early days of independence, India faced numerous challenges including communal riots triggered by the partition, the need for effective governance and administration, the rehabilitation of millions of refugees, and the division of resources between India and Pakistan. Additionally, there were significant economic issues and the task of building a national identity amid diverse cultures and languages.
| 2. How did the Radcliffe Boundary Award impact communal relations in India? | |
Ans. The Radcliffe Boundary Award, which determined the borders between India and Pakistan, led to widespread communal riots. The arbitrary nature of the boundary division resulted in massive displacement of populations, with many people finding themselves on the 'wrong' side of the border. This contributed to communal tensions and violence, as communities that had coexisted for years were suddenly divided along religious lines.
| 3. What role did the assassination of Gandhi play in the context of communal factors in India? | |
Ans. The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi had a profound impact on communal relations in India. Gandhi, known for his philosophy of non-violence and communal harmony, was killed by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist. This act shocked the nation and highlighted the deep-seated communal tensions. Gandhi's death prompted widespread mourning and also led to increased efforts to foster communal harmony, as many leaders worked to uphold his legacy in the face of rising sectarian violence.
| 4. What were the steps taken for the rehabilitation and resettlement of refugees after partition? | |
Ans. The rehabilitation and resettlement of refugees after partition involved establishing refugee camps, providing food, shelter, and medical assistance. The Indian government undertook initiatives to integrate refugees into society, including providing them with employment opportunities and land for farming. Various organizations and volunteers also played crucial roles in supporting the displaced populations and facilitating their transition to new lives.
| 5. How did the political landscape of India change with the involvement of Communists during the independence movement? | |
Ans. The involvement of Communists in the independence movement introduced a different ideological perspective that focused on addressing social inequalities and advocating for workers’ rights. They played a significant role in mobilizing the working class and peasants against colonial rule, and their influence grew post-independence as they sought to implement socialist policies. This shift in the political landscape contributed to the formation of various labor movements and influenced the direction of India's economic policies in the early years of independence.
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