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Chemical Coordination and Integration Practice Questions - DPP for NEET

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1. What is the role of chemical coordination in the human body?
Ans. Chemical coordination in the human body involves the regulation of various physiological processes through the release and action of hormones. These hormones are produced by specialized glands and travel through the bloodstream to target cells, where they exert their effects. The role of chemical coordination is to maintain homeostasis, regulate growth and development, control metabolism, and coordinate the functions of different organs and systems in the body.
2. How does the endocrine system communicate with other systems in the body?
Ans. The endocrine system communicates with other systems in the body through the release of hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands and are secreted into the bloodstream. They travel to target cells or organs, where they bind to specific receptors and initiate a response. This communication allows the endocrine system to regulate various physiological processes and coordinate the functions of different systems in the body.
3. What are the major glands involved in chemical coordination and integration?
Ans. The major glands involved in chemical coordination and integration are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). These glands produce and release hormones that regulate a wide range of functions, including metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, stress response, and calcium balance. Each gland has its specific hormones and functions, but they work together to maintain homeostasis in the body.
4. How do hormones regulate the menstrual cycle in females?
Ans. Hormones play a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle in females. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of follicles in the ovaries, which produce estrogen. Estrogen, in turn, stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining. As estrogen levels rise, they feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, inhibiting the release of FSH and LH. However, a surge in LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone maintains the uterine lining and prepares it for implantation. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels decline, and the uterine lining is shed during menstruation.
5. What are the physiological effects of the stress hormone cortisol?
Ans. Cortisol, commonly known as the stress hormone, is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It has several physiological effects on the body. Firstly, cortisol increases blood sugar levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen and inhibiting glucose uptake by cells. This provides an immediate energy source to deal with the stressor. Secondly, cortisol suppresses the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases. Thirdly, cortisol inhibits the production of bone-forming cells, leading to decreased bone density. It also impairs collagen synthesis, which can delay wound healing. Lastly, cortisol affects the brain by influencing mood, memory, and sleep patterns. Prolonged or excessive cortisol release can have detrimental effects on overall health and well-being.
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