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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are usually called by simple names, like acetic acid (CH3COOH). In IUPAC naming, they get a different name by changing the ending to "oic acid." Here are the rules:
1. Replace the "e" at the end of the alkane name with "oic acid."
2. If there's only one carboxyl group, the carbon with it is always numbered as one. For example, CH3COOH becomes ethanoic acid.
3. If there's more than one carboxyl group, count all the carbon atoms and use Greek numeral prefixes like "di-", "tri-", etc. to show how many carboxyl groups there are.
4. Put together the alkyl chain name, numeral prefixes, and "oic acid" to name the carboxylic acid. Use Arabic numerals to show where the carboxyl groups are.
5. If a carboxyl group is a substituent on a carbon chain, you can call it "carboxylic acid" or "carboxy." For example, 2-furoic acid can be called 2-carboxyfuran.
Table – 1 : IUPAC Nomenclature of Acid derivatives :-
| S.No. | Compound | IUPAC Name |
| 1 |  | Methanoic acid |
| 2 |  | Ethanoic acid |
| 3 |  | 2- Cyclohexylpropanoic acid |
| 4 |  | 3- Oxo-2- propylbutanoic acid |
| 5 |  | 4- Aminobutanoic acid |
| 6 |  | 3- Phenylpentanoic acid |
| 7 |  | 3- Methylbutanoic adic |
| 8 |  | Ethanoylchloride |
| 9 |  | Propanoylchloride |
| 10 |  | 3- Bromobutanoylbromide |
| 11 |  | Cyclopentancarbonyl chloride |
| 12 |  | Ethanoid anyhydride |
| 13 |  | Trifluoroethanoic anhydride |
| 14 |  | 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic anhydride |
| 15 |  | Ethanoic methanoic anhydride |
| 16 |  | Trifluoroethanoic propanoic anhydride |
| 17 |  | Cyclopropane carbonitrile |
| 18 |  | 3- Cyanopentanoic acid |
| 19 |  | Ethyl-o-cyanobenzoate |
| 20 |  | 2- Formylcyclohexane carboxamide |
| 21 |  | 2- Hydroxyutane nitrile |
Dicarboxylic Acids
If the substituent is a second carboxyl group, we have a dicarboxylic acid. For example :
Oxalic acid or Ethanedioic acid
Malonic acid -1, 3- dioic acid
Succinic acid -1, 4- dioic acid
Glutaric acid
Pentane-1, 5-dioic acid
Adipic acid
Hexane-1, 6-dioic acid
Pimelic acid
Heptane-1, 7- dioc acid
HOOCCH2COOH
Malonic acid
Propanedioic acid
HOOCCH2CH2COOH
Succinic acid
Butanedioic acid
HOOCCH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
Adipic acid
Hexanedioic acid
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FAQs on Doc: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids - Chemistry Class 12 - NEET
| 1. What is the nomenclature of carboxylic acids? |  |
Ans. The nomenclature of carboxylic acids is a systematic way of naming these organic compounds based on their structure and functional groups. It follows the rules set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to ensure consistency and clarity in naming.
| 2. How are carboxylic acids named? | |
Ans. Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the "e" at the end of the corresponding alkane name with "-oic acid." The carbon chain is numbered starting from the carboxyl group, and any substituents or functional groups are indicated with appropriate prefixes or suffixes. For example, ethanoic acid is the IUPAC name for acetic acid.
| 3. Are there any common names for carboxylic acids? | |
Ans. Yes, some carboxylic acids have common names that are widely used. For example, formic acid (IUPAC name: methanoic acid) and acetic acid (IUPAC name: ethanoic acid) are commonly known by their traditional names. However, IUPAC names are preferred for international standardization.
| 4. How do you determine the priority of substituents in carboxylic acids? | |
Ans. The priority of substituents in carboxylic acids is determined by their atomic number. The higher the atomic number of an element, the higher its priority. If two substituents have the same atomic number, the priority is determined by the atomic number of the next atom in the substituent. This process is repeated until a difference is found.
| 5. Can carboxylic acids have multiple functional groups? | |
Ans. Yes, carboxylic acids can have multiple functional groups. In such cases, each functional group is indicated by a separate suffix or prefix in the IUPAC name. For example, if a carboxylic acid also contains an alcohol group, it would be named as a carboxylic acid with an alcohol substituent, such as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.
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