Environment and Ecology (Part 2): July 2025 UPSC Current Affairs | Environment for UPSC CSE PDF Download

Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve

Why in News?

An innovative artificial intelligence-based system has been implemented in 20 villages within the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) to alert residents about the movement of tigers via loudspeakers. This initiative aims to enhance safety and prevent human-wildlife conflicts.

Key Takeaways

• Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve is the largest and oldest tiger reserve in Maharashtra.
• The reserve is known for its rich biodiversity and significant wildlife species, including tigers and leopards.

Additional Details

• Location: The reserve is situated in the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra and encompasses both the Tadoba National Park and the Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Significance of Name: The name 'Tadoba' is derived from the local deity "Tadoba" or "Taru," revered by the region's tribal communities, while 'Andhari' refers to the river flowing through the area.
• Habitat: The reserve is characterized by its undulating terrain and falls within the Central Plateau province of the Deccan Peninsula, supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna.
• Vegetation: Dominated by Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests, the area is rich in various tree species, including teak, salai, and tendu.
• Lakes and Rivers: The reserve features two lakes, Tadoba Lake and Kolsa Lake, along with the Tadoba River, providing essential water sources for wildlife.
• Fauna: The reserve is home to a variety of wildlife, including notable species like the tiger, leopard, sloth bear, wild dog, gaur, chital, and sambar.

This AI-based warning system represents a significant step towards reducing human-animal conflicts in the region, promoting coexistence between local communities and wildlife.

Rhino DNA Index System (RhODIS)

Why in News?

The Assam Forest Department is actively engaged in DNA profiling of 2,500 rhino horns utilizing the Rhino DNA Index System (RhODIS). This initiative aims to enhance wildlife forensics and combat illegal trade in rhino horns.

Key Takeaways

• RhODIS is a specialized wildlife forensic tool focused on preventing rhino poaching.
• The system was originally developed in South Africa and adapted for implementation in India.
• It creates a genetic database using DNA from various sources such as horns, tissues, dung, or blood samples.
• Rhinos possess unique DNA profiles, allowing for the identification of confiscated horns linked to specific animals or poaching sites.

Additional Details

• Implementing Agency: In India, the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) oversees the genetic analysis under the RhODIS India program.
• Applications of RhODIS:The system is crucial for:
  • Connecting seized rhino horns to poaching incidents.
  • Providing admissible forensic evidence in legal cases.
  • Tracking illegal wildlife trade routes and criminal networks.
  • Monitoring genetic diversity and population health of rhinos over time.
• About One-Horned Rhinoceros: The Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is a herbivorous megafauna species native to the Indian subcontinent.
• Distinctive Features: Commonly referred to as the Indian rhinoceros, it is noted for its single black horn and thick, armor-like skin.
• Conservation Status: The species is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is included in Appendix I of CITES and Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India).
• Major Habitats in India:Key habitats for this species include:
  • Kaziranga, Pobitora, Manas, and Orang National Parks
  • Jaldapara and Gorumara National Parks in West Bengal
  • Dudhwa Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh
• Population Growth: The population of Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros has seen significant recovery, increasing from approximately 1,500 in the 1980s to over 4,000 in 2024, with Assam housing around 80% of the global population.
• Kaziranga National Park is home to the largest number, with 2,613 rhinos recorded as of 2022.
• Primary Threats:The species faces numerous threats, including:
  • Poaching for horns, driven by the illegal wildlife trade and misconceptions about their medicinal value.
  • Habitat degradation caused by floods, encroachment, and climate change.
• Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (Project Rhino): Launched in 2005, this initiative aims to expand the rhino population across seven protected areas.

In summary, the Rhino DNA Index System (RhODIS) represents a significant step towards safeguarding the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros by linking genetic data to poaching incidents, thereby enhancing conservation efforts and legal action against wildlife crimes.

New Butterfly Species Zographetus mathewi Discovered in the Western Ghats

A team of Indian conservationists has identified a new species of butterfly, Zographetus mathewi, in the biologically rich Western Ghats, highlighting the region's biodiversity.

Key Takeaways

• Zographetus mathewi is a newly identified species of skipper butterfly.
• It is endemic to the low-elevation forests of Kerala, Western Ghats.
• This species is the 15th in the Zographetus genus and the 5th recorded in India.
• The butterfly was named in honor of George Mathew, a noted Indian entomologist.

Additional Details

• Taxonomic Classification: Zographetus mathewi belongs to the family Hesperiidae and the genus Zographetus (Watson, 1893).
• Key Features: This new species closely resembles Zographetus ogygia but can be distinguished by differences in wing venation patterns and genitalia structure in both male and female butterflies.
• The species is part of the Zographetus satwa species-group, characterized by swollen forewing veins in males as a secondary sexual trait, a distinct basal hair tuft on the underside of the forewing, and yellow-ochre scaling on the hindwing underside.

The discovery of Zographetus mathewi adds to the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats and underscores the importance of conservation efforts in these ecologically significant areas.

Decarbonising Global Shipping: Pathways and Challenges

Why in News?

Global shipping is targeting decarbonisation by 2040-2050, moving from traditional fuels such as Very Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (VLSFO), diesel, and LNG to greener alternatives like green ammonia, e-methanol, and biofuels. This transition not only addresses environmental concerns but also presents significant opportunities for India.

Key Takeaways

• The shift to green fuels is crucial for reducing carbon emissions in the shipping sector.
• India is aiming to establish itself as a key player in the production and export of green marine fuels.
• Challenges such as high production costs and dependence on imported technologies must be addressed.

Additional Details

• Production of Green Fuels: Green hydrogen, produced through water electrolysis using renewable energy, serves as the foundation for developing stable alternatives like green methanol and green ammonia for shipping.
• Green Methanol: This fuel is becoming the preferred choice for decarbonising shipping, offering about a 10% reduction in emissions compared to conventional fuels and compatibility with existing ships without major modifications.
• Despite being more environmentally friendly, green e-methanol is significantly more expensive—costing around $1,950 per tonne compared to $560 per tonne for VLSFO, primarily due to high renewable electricity needs.
• India's strategy includes promoting green fuels for domestic shipping and establishing bunkering hubs at major ports like Tuticorin and Kandla.
• The government's goal is to leverage its solar power capabilities to emerge as a global supplier of green fuels.
• Innovative financial tools and incentives, such as Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) for electrolysers and support for carbon capture technologies, are vital for scaling up green methanol production.
• To enhance shipbuilding capabilities, India is investing in demand-side support and partnerships with foreign shipbuilders, with a commitment to ensuring that a significant portion of new vessels are capable of using green fuels.

In summary, while India faces challenges in its journey towards decarbonising its shipping sector, strategic initiatives and investments in green fuel technology and infrastructure are crucial to achieving its goals in alignment with global sustainability efforts.

Government Backs New SO2 Emission Norms

Why in News?

The Union Environment Ministry has recently defended its decision to revise the SO₂ emission norms for thermal power plants. The ministry justified exempting several coal- and lignite-based plants from mandatory flue gas desulphurization (FGD) retrofits, citing evidence, emission trends, and sustainability considerations. It also stated that there is no major difference in ambient SO₂ levels across cities with and without this technology, countering accusations of regulatory relaxation.

Key Takeaways

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂): A significant air pollutant released mainly from coal-fired power plants.
• India's Emissions: India is the world's largest emitter of SO₂, contributing over 20% of global emissions.
• Revised Norms: New classifications for emission compliance based on plant location and pollution level.

Additional Details

• Health Risks: SO₂ can cause serious respiratory issues, including asthma and bronchitis, and is a precursor to PM2.5, which is linked to severe health problems like heart attacks and strokes.
• Environmental Impact: SO₂ contributes to acid rain, adversely affecting soil, water bodies, and plant life.
• Current Emission Levels: Despite a decline in SO₂ levels, certain regions, particularly the Indo-Gangetic Plain and central India, still experience high concentrations.
• Policy Rationale: The ministry's rationale includes findings that show no significant public health differences between cities with FGD installations and those without, alongside the high costs associated with retrofitting all plants.
• Categories of Plants:
  • Category A: Plants near major cities must comply by end-2027.
  • Category B: Plants near critically polluted areas subject to case-by-case evaluation.
  • Category C: Majority of plants exempt from SO₂ norms but must meet stack height requirements.
• Cost Consideration: Retrofitting all plants would cost approximately ₹2.54 lakh crore, leading to a focus on the most impactful areas instead.
• Global Standards: India's SO₂ emission standards are stricter than those of several developed nations, such as Japan and Australia.

In conclusion, the revised SO₂ emission norms aim to balance environmental health with economic feasibility, directing regulatory efforts to areas where they can have the most significant impact.

Smoke and Sulphur: On Sulphur Dioxide Emissions and Public Health

Why in News?

Recently, the Environment Ministry of India has exempted most coal-fired power plants from installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems, reversing its mandate from 2015. This decision undermines efforts to control sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, a significant air pollutant that poses risks to public health.

Key Takeaways

• The exemption of FGD systems weakens pollution control measures.
• Low sulphur content in Indian coal contributes to reduced urgency in controlling SO₂ emissions.
• High installation costs and limited vendor capacity hinder FGD implementation.
• New studies suggest SO₂ may have unexpected climate effects.

Additional Details

• Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD): These are air pollution control technologies used in thermal power plants to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gases emitted during the combustion of coal or oil.
• Reasons for Exemption:
  • Low sulphur content in Indian coal reduces the need for stringent SO₂ controls.
  • Installation and operational costs of FGD systems are high, leading many private producers to cite financial constraints.
  • Limited vendor capacity has resulted in only 8% of coal units installing FGDs since 2015.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic led to supply chain disruptions and delays in project timelines.
  • Recent scientific studies argue that sulphates formed from SO₂ might have a climate-cooling effect, potentially decreasing the urgency for emission controls.
• Health Impacts of SO₂: Exposure to SO₂ can irritate the respiratory tract, leading to conditions such as asthma and bronchitis, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. In Delhi, elevated SO₂ levels have been linked to increased hospital visits for respiratory issues during winter.
• Environmental Effects: SO₂ contributes to acid rain, haze, and reduced visibility, damaging crops and soil, especially in regions near thermal power plants.

The selective enforcement of FGD regulations indicates inconsistencies in environmental policies based on geographical and political factors rather than uniform scientific standards. This decision raises concerns about regulatory dilution and the government's commitment to environmental health.

Why is Public Debate Vital Before Policy Shifts on Pollution?

• Ensures Transparency and Accountability: Open public debate compels policymakers to justify their decisions and remain accountable to citizens.
• Strengthens Scientific Rigor: Debate allows for scientific scrutiny of environmental claims, ensuring policy changes are based on credible evidence.
• Safeguards Public Health and Democratic Rights: Inclusive discussions protect public health and uphold democratic values by allowing citizens to express concerns over pollution-related policies.

In light of the government's recent exemption of FGD systems, it is essential to revise these policies through transparent public consultation and strengthen pollution monitoring and accountability to ensure cleaner technologies are adopted across all power plants.

Revising Guidelines to Declare Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ)

Why in News?

The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) is set to review and update the guidelines established in 2011 for declaring Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) around wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. This decision comes in light of the need for more effective governance of these sensitive ecological areas.

Key Takeaways

• ESZs, also known as Ecologically Fragile Areas (EFAs), are designated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to protect wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.
• The purpose of ESZs includes acting as "shock absorbers" to regulate harmful activities and preserve biodiversity.

Additional Details

• Legal Basis: The establishment of ESZs is grounded in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, particularly Section 3(2)(v) and Rule 5(1) of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
• According to the Wildlife Conservation Strategy, 2002, it is suggested that a default ESZ of a 10 km radius be declared around Protected Areas (PAs).
• Demarcation Process: The width of ESZ boundaries may vary based on ecological sensitivity, considering factors like species presence, migration routes, and human settlements.
• Activity Zonation:
  • Prohibited: Commercial mining, polluting industries, major hydro projects, and wood logging.
  • Regulated: Tree felling, large-scale agriculture, road widening, and tourism infrastructure.
  • Permitted: Rainwater harvesting, organic farming, and use of green energy.
• As of now, 347 final notifications for ESZs have been issued. In cases where no specific ESZ is declared, a default ESZ of 10 km applies as per the Supreme Court ruling in 2022.

The 2011 guidelines aimed to standardize the process of declaring ESZs by emphasizing flexibility in site-specific demarcation and classifying activities into permitted, regulated, and prohibited. They also called for community involvement, scientific input, and buffer management. However, the recent context highlights the need for a revision due to the ineffectiveness of the one-size-fits-all approach, particularly the 10-km blanket rule, which is unsuitable for diverse ecosystems such as urban and marine sanctuaries.

In light of these considerations, the SC-NBWL's decision to revise the ESZ guidelines is crucial for enhancing the protection of biodiversity and ensuring that regulations are tailored to specific ecological contexts.

India’s Turn to Repay the Green Revolution Debt

Why in News?

William S. Gaud of USAID introduced the term “Green Revolution” in 1968, which emphasized initiatives like India's adoption of high-yield wheat varieties aimed at addressing global food crises. The closure of USAID by the Trump administration as of July 1 has impacted crucial agricultural institutions, notably CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), which has been instrumental in wheat research and development.

Key Takeaways

• USAID's role in agricultural advancement has concluded, affecting funding for CIMMYT.
• CIMMYT seeks support from India due to its pivotal role as a beneficiary of the Green Revolution.
• Norman Borlaug's contributions through CIMMYT significantly increased wheat yields in India.

Additional Details

• CIMMYT: The center, based in Mexico, is renowned for its development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties that sparked the Green Revolution in India during the mid-1960s. These varieties, such as Lerma Rojo 64A and Sonora 63, were crucial in enhancing agricultural productivity.
• USAID's Funding: In 2024, USAID provided $83 million out of CIMMYT's $211 million total funding, emphasizing its critical financial support for agricultural research.
• Research at CIMMYT and IRRI has been pivotal in increasing food production, particularly during the Cold War, to prevent political instability in developing nations.
• India's agricultural research institutions, like IARI, adapted CIMMYT's breeding material to develop high-yielding varieties, contributing to the significant increase in wheat yields from 1-1.5 tonnes to 4-4.5 tonnes per hectare.

As USAID's closure alters the landscape of agricultural research support, India is urged to enhance its funding to institutions like CIMMYT and IRRI to ensure ongoing food security and agricultural growth, while also investing in its own agricultural research systems.

Recognising India’s Open Ecosystems: A Call for Conservation and Policy Reform

Why in News?

Experts and environmentalists have expressed alarm over India’s persistent misclassification of deserts, grasslands, and savannas as “wastelands.” They are advocating for the recognition of the ecological and socio-cultural significance of these open ecosystems to safeguard them and promote sustainable management.

Key Takeaways

• Open ecosystems like deserts, grasslands, and savannas are valuable for biodiversity and cultural heritage.
• Misclassification as wastelands leads to ecological degradation and loss of essential ecosystem services.

Understanding Open Ecosystems and Their Importance

• Open Ecosystems: These include arid deserts and scrublands, characterized by sparse tree cover and extensive herbaceous or shrubby vegetation.
• These areas are not barren; they are finely adapted to environmental extremes and support rich biodiversity.
• Deserts alone cover nearly one-third of the Earth's terrestrial surface and have been home to ancient civilizations, showcasing their ability to sustain complex societies.

Misclassification and the Legacy of 'Wastelands'

• India’s administrative frameworks are influenced by colonial land-use classifications, designating extensive open natural ecosystems as "wastelands."
• This classification misleads policymakers into viewing these lands as unproductive, resulting in harmful practices like afforestation and urban development.
• Millions of hectares of grasslands, savannas, and scrublands are inaccurately recorded as wastelands, causing significant ecological damage and diminishing ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration.

Ecological and Social Value of Open Landscapes

• Open ecosystems are crucial habitats for endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard and Indian wolf, which rely on these unique environments.
• Grasslands and savannas play a vital role in carbon storage, contributing to climate change mitigation.
• Pastoralist communities, such as the Dhangars, Rabaris, and Kurubas, depend on these landscapes and have historically managed them sustainably.
• Policies promoting tree plantations often displace these communities and erode their traditional ecological knowledge.

Rethinking Land Restoration and Greening Goals

• Efforts to “green” deserts or grasslands through tree plantations often result from the misconception that tree cover equates to ecological health.
• This can lead to monoculture plantations that harm local biodiversity and disrupt ecological cycles.
• Experts recommend a community-driven, low-tech restoration model that focuses on:
  • Protecting native vegetation and supporting natural regeneration.
  • Implementing soil and moisture conservation techniques.
  • Utilizing indigenous land management practices.
  • Recognizing soil carbon as a critical metric for climate mitigation.

Policy Recommendations and the Road Ahead

• The need for a paradigm shift in understanding and managing open ecosystems is urgent.
• Key policy recommendations include:
  • Revising land classification systems to remove the “wasteland” designation.
  • Creating ecosystem-specific conservation strategies.
  • Recognizing the rights and stewardship roles of pastoralist communities.
  • Integrating open ecosystems into national climate and biodiversity policies.
  • Encouraging the conservation of soil carbon alongside forest carbon.
• Experts suggest symbolic changes, such as renaming the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought to “World Day to Combat Land Degradation” to reflect the ecological importance of these landscapes.

In conclusion, recognizing and properly classifying open ecosystems is essential for their conservation and sustainable management. A shift in policy and public perception is necessary to preserve these vital landscapes for future generations.

Specie in News: Lion-Tailed Macaque

Why in News?

The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has recently approved the diversion of 142.76 hectares of forest land in the Sharavathi Valley Lion-Tailed Macaque Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Karnataka. This decision has raised concerns regarding the conservation of this endangered species.

Key Takeaways

• The Lion-Tailed Macaque is classified as an endangered species.
• It is primarily found in the Western Ghats of India, particularly in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.

Additional Details

• Scientific Classification: The Lion-Tailed Macaque, scientifically known as Macaca silenus, is a unique primate species endemic to the Western Ghats.
• Physical Characteristics: This species is identifiable by its striking silver-white mane, which frames a black face, and a lion-like tuft at the end of its tail. Its body is covered in glossy black fur, with both males and females exhibiting similar appearances.
• Habitat and Behavior: The Lion-Tailed Macaque prefers tropical evergreen rainforests and is also found in monsoon forests and shola-grassland ecosystems. It is arboreal (tree-dwelling) and diurnal (active during the day), typically residing at elevations between 600 and 1,800 meters above sea level.
• Social Structure: These macaques live in social groups ranging from 8 to 20 individuals, usually led by a dominant male.
• Diet: They are primarily frugivorous, feeding mostly on fruits, but their diet also includes leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, and occasionally insects and small animals.
• Conservation Status: The species is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is protected under Appendix I of CITES and Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Current estimates suggest that only around 2,500 individuals remain, with approximately 700 of them residing in the largest protected area in Karnataka.
• Ecological Importance: The Lion-Tailed Macaque serves as an indicator species for rainforest health and plays a vital role in seed dispersal, which is crucial for forest regeneration.

This recent approval for land diversion highlights the ongoing challenges faced in conserving the Lion-Tailed Macaque and underscores the importance of sustainable practices in wildlife preservation.

Bhadrakali Lake

Why in News?

Activists are urging the Telangana government to reconsider plans for island development in Bhadrakali Lake due to growing concerns about the lake's shrinkage.

Key Takeaways

• Bhadrakali Lake is an artificial lake located in Warangal, Telangana.
• The lake spans approximately 32 acres and extends over a distance of 2 kilometers.
• Constructed during the 12th century by Ganapati Deva of the Kakatiya dynasty, the lake was originally intended to serve as a source of drinking water.

Additional Details

• Connection to Maneru Dam: Bhadrakali Lake is linked to the Maneru Dam through the Kakatiya Canal.
• Bhadrakali Temple: A significant feature of the lake is the Bhadrakali Temple, situated on one of its islands. This ancient temple, originally built during the Chalukyan reign in 625 AD, is dedicated to Goddess Bhadrakali, an incarnation of Durga.

The ongoing discussions regarding the future of Bhadrakali Lake highlight the need for sustainable development that respects the ecological significance of such historical sites.

Key Facts about Blackbuck

Source: Tribune India

Why in News?

Wildlife officials have reported a significant decline in the population of blackbucks in the Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Punjab, raising concerns about their conservation status.

Key Takeaways

• The blackbuck is an antelope species native to India and Nepal.
• It has been declared the state animal by Punjab, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Its habitat includes open grasslands, dry scrub areas, and thinly forested regions.

Additional Details

• Scientific Name: Antilope cervicapra
• Physical Features:
  • Dark brown or black sleek fur with white markings on the chest, belly, muzzle, and chin of males.
  • Males possess ringed horns that can grow up to 28 inches in length and weigh between 70 to 95 pounds, reaching a height of 32 inches.
  • Females are smaller, have non-ringed horns, and exhibit excellent eyesight and speed, which help them evade predators.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Least Concern
  • Wildlife Protection Act of 1972: Schedule I
  • CITES: Appendix III

The blackbuck's population decline is alarming, and efforts must be made to protect this species and its habitat to ensure its survival.

Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Why in News?

Recent reports highlight that hundreds of buffaloes are seen grazing freely within the restricted areas of the Pong Wildlife Sanctuary, particularly in Samkehar, Bathu, and Panalath, which raises concerns about violations of sanctuary regulations.

Key Takeaways

• Pong Dam Lake, also known as Maharana Pratap Sagar, is a manmade reservoir formed by the construction of Pong Dam on the Beas River.
• It is located in the wetland zone of the Shivalik hills in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.
• The sanctuary covers approximately 245 sq.km and includes the water body of the reservoir along with surrounding wetland environments.
• Designated as a Ramsar site in 2002, it is recognized for its ecological significance.

Additional Details

• Flora: The sanctuary features a diverse range of vegetation, including submerged plants, grasslands, and forests. Notable species include eucalyptus, acacia, and shisham.
• Fauna: The sanctuary is situated on the trans-Himalayan flyway, attracting over 220 bird species, including 54 species of waterfowl. Notable birds include Bar-headed geese, Pintails, and Cormorants.
• In addition to birds, the area is home to various mammals such as Sambar, Barking Deer, Wild Bear, Nilgai, Clawless Otter, and Leopards.

The Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary plays a crucial role in conserving biodiversity and providing a habitat for numerous species, making it essential to enforce regulations that protect its ecosystem.

Revisiting Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) Guidelines - Towards Ecological and Socio-Economic Balance

Why in News?

The recent meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL), chaired by the Union Environment Minister, decided to revisit the 2011 guidelines on Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs). This initiative arises from concerns regarding the necessity for more region-specific, flexible, and balanced ecological governance surrounding India’s protected areas.

Key Takeaways

• Revision of ESZ Guidelines to enhance ecological and socio-economic balance.
• Need for a site-specific ESZ framework to address diverse regional needs.
• State-wise inputs highlighting local concerns and compliance monitoring gaps.
• Emerging ecological challenges, particularly from large renewable energy projects.

Additional Details

• Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs): Also referred to as Ecologically Fragile Areas (EFAs), these areas are designated by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) around Protected Areas, National Parks, and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The primary purpose is to create "shock absorbers" that regulate and manage activities near these regions.
• Statutory Backing: While the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 does not explicitly mention Eco-Sensitive Zones, it is utilized by the Government of India to declare these zones effectively.
• 2011 Guidelines: Issued by MoEF&CC, these guidelines provide a framework for declaring ESZs, with the potential extent reaching up to 10 km around a protected area.
• SC-NBWL Directive: The Union Environment Ministry is tasked with drafting a revised note on ESZs, conducting international consultations, and facilitating multi-stakeholder dialogues.
• Need for Site-Specific ESZ Framework: The current blanket 10-km norm is considered ineffective, as it does not account for the ecological and developmental disparities across regions.

In summary, the revision of the ESZ guidelines aims to align ecological governance with local socio-economic conditions, thereby enhancing the protection of biodiversity while considering development needs. The initiative highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement and tailored approaches to conservation.

UNEP Frontiers 2025 Report on Legacy Pollutants

Why in News?

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has released its latest report titled The Weight of Time, which highlights the alarming risk posed by climate change-induced river and coastal flooding. These events could unearth and spread dangerous legacy pollutants from water bodies into the environment.

Key Takeaways

• Legacy pollutants are toxic substances that persist in the environment long after their use has been banned or restricted.
• Recent flooding events have shown that climate change can mobilize these pollutants, posing health risks to ecosystems and human populations.

Additional Details

• Definition: Legacy pollutants are toxic substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that remain in the environment for decades.
• Examples of Legacy Pollutants:
  • Heavy Metals: Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic.
  • Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):
    • Pesticides: DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), Aldrin, Endrin, Chlordane.
    • Industrial Chemicals: PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls), Dioxins, Furans.
    • By-products: These are produced from incineration, metal smelting, and waste burning.
• Health Hazards:Even low exposure levels can lead to serious health issues, including:
  • Neurotoxicity (nervous system damage)
  • Immunotoxicity (immune disruption)
  • Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
  • Reproductive toxicity (infertility, birth defects)
  • Carcinogenicity (various cancers)
  • Endocrine disruption
• Sources: These pollutants originate from past industrial practices, banned agricultural chemicals, and poorly managed chemical landfills, which currently contain an estimated 4.8–7 million tonnes of POP waste worldwide.

This report underscores the need for heightened awareness and action regarding legacy pollutants, particularly as climate change continues to exacerbate flooding risks, thereby threatening both human health and environmental integrity.

India-Specific Findings

• Studies of sediments from the Ganga, Hindon, and Vaigai Rivers reveal dangerously high levels of Cadmium, a known endocrine disruptor that may cause kidney, bone, and reproductive harm.
• The Ayad River also exhibited alarming concentrations of hazardous substances.

Yamuna River Rejuvenation

Why in News?

The newly elected government in Delhi is prioritizing the cleaning of the Yamuna River, aligning with the Centre's initiatives. This effort is part of the broader Namami Gange Programme (NGP), which aims to create a replicable model for river rejuvenation by enhancing cooperation between the Centre and states, alongside improving urban governance.

Key Takeaways

• The NGP represents a shift from regulatory pollution control to an executive mission-based rejuvenation strategy.
• Successful river basin planning models have influenced the NGP, drawing from European examples.
• Despite structural innovations, state participation in river management has been inadequate.
• Delhi's approach to the Yamuna can serve as a test case for interstate collaboration.

Additional Details

• Namami Gange Programme (NGP): Launched in 2014, this programme emphasizes a shift towards improving the ecological health of rivers rather than just controlling pollution.
• The NGP utilizes a river basin planning model, integrating scientific inputs, similar to successful European initiatives like the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR).
• Structural reforms under the NGP have created a multi-layered governance system, including the National Ganga Council and various empowered task forces.
• Urban governance plays a crucial role, especially in Delhi, where 80% of the Yamuna's pollution originates from uncaptured and untreated sewage.
• Learning from global best practices can help India mobilize effective subnational responses in river rejuvenation efforts.

In conclusion, the cleaning initiative for the Yamuna River presents a significant opportunity for reciprocal learning within the NGP framework. By addressing current challenges in state participation, urban sewage management, and interstate cooperation, this initiative could foster a robust policy and institutional structure for river rejuvenation in India, with implications for environmental federalism and sustainable water governance.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM)

Why in News?

The BRICS group has publicly condemned and rejected the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) alongside similar climate-related trade measures. This response highlights the complexities and controversies surrounding international climate policies.

Key Takeaways

• CBAM is an import duty aimed at goods with high carbon emissions, aligning with the EU’s climate goals.
• The mechanism is part of the EU’s “Fit for 55” climate package targeting a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030.
• Importers must declare the carbon emissions of specific goods, including steel and cement.
• Concerns regarding trade discrimination and violation of climate agreements have been raised, especially by developing nations.

Additional Details

• Overview: CBAM is a climate-related import duty implemented by the EU for goods produced with excessive carbon emissions compared to EU standards.
• Policy Framework: It is part of the EU's efforts to achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to international climate commitments.
• Compliance Mechanism: Importers are required to surrender CBAM certificates, the pricing of which is linked to the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).
• Implementation Timeline: The transitional phase is currently ongoing from 2023 to 2025, with the definitive regime commencing on January 1, 2026.
• Trade Discrimination Concerns: Developing countries argue that CBAM represents unilateral trade restrictions disguised as environmental protection.
• Implications for India: Indian exports, especially in high carbon sectors like iron and steel, may face additional costs and reduced competitiveness due to CBAM.

In summary, while CBAM aims to promote environmental responsibility, it raises significant issues regarding its impact on international trade, particularly for developing nations. The potential carbon levies could significantly affect countries heavily reliant on carbon-intensive industries.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Why in News?

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is currently facing a credibility crisis due to years of inadequate performance, weak accountability, and the neglect of the concerns of developing countries, leading to increasing frustration among stakeholders.

Key Takeaways

• The UNFCCC was established in 1992 to combat climate change by stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations.
• It entered into force on March 21, 1994, and currently has 197 Parties, including all UN member states.
• The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the primary decision-making body that meets annually.
• Significant agreements under the UNFCCC include the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

Additional Details

• Institutional Structure:The UNFCCC comprises three main bodies:
  • SBSTA: Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
  • SBI: Subsidiary Body for Implementation
  • UNFCCC Secretariat: Based in Bonn, Germany
• Party Classifications:
  • Annex I: Developed countries obligated to reduce GHG emissions.
  • Annex II: A subset of Annex I required to provide support to developing nations.
  • Non-Annex I: Developing countries with no binding targets but eligible for support.
  • LDCs (Least Developed Countries): Receive priority support for adaptation and capacity building.
• India and the UNFCCC:India ratified the UNFCCC in 1993 and is classified as a Non-Annex I Party. It has committed to:
  • Reducing emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.
  • Achieving 50% non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
• Issues with the UNFCCC Process:
  • Weak enforcement mechanisms leading to lack of penalties for unmet commitments.
  • Consensus delays often resulting in diluted agreements.
  • Unmet financial commitments from developed nations.
  • Neglected needs for adaptation finance and technology transfer for developing countries.
  • Controversial host nation selections for COP meetings.

In conclusion, the UNFCCC is at a critical juncture where reforms are being demanded to ensure that the voices of developing nations are recognized, and effective measures are undertaken to combat climate change.

Panna Tiger Reserve

Why in News?

Recently, Vatsala, recognized as Asia's oldest elephant, passed away at the age of over 100 years in the Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. This event highlights the ecological significance and the rich biodiversity of the region.

Key Takeaways

• Panna Tiger Reserve is the only tiger reserve in the Bundelkhand region.
• The reserve was declared a Project Tiger Reserve by the Government of India in 1994.
• It features a unique 'Table Top' topography with plateaus and gorges.

Additional Details

• Location: Situated in the Vindhyan mountain range, covering an area of 542 sq.km, it falls within the biogeographic zones of the Deccan Peninsula and the Biotic Province of the Central Highlands.
• Landscape: The reserve is characterized by extensive plateaus and gorges. The Ken River flows through the reserve from south to north, and it is adorned with two-thousand-year-old rock paintings.
• Indigenous Tribes: The surrounding region is home to various indigenous tribes, notably the Baiga and Gond tribes, each possessing a unique culture and traditions.
• Flora: The predominant vegetation is dry deciduous forest interspersed with grasslands. It features teak forests in the north and a mixed Teak-Kardhai forest in other areas.
• Fauna: The reserve supports a substantial population of key species including Tigers, Sloth Bears, Leopards, and Striped Hyenas, along with other carnivores like Jackals and Wild Dogs.

The Panna Tiger Reserve not only serves as a crucial habitat for various wildlife species but also plays a significant role in preserving the ecological balance in the region. The passing of Vatsala reminds us of the importance of conservation efforts in such biodiverse areas.

Reforming the UNFCCC Process - Challenges, Criticisms, and Proposals

Why in News?

There is an ongoing credibility crisis in international climate negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Despite numerous conferences and global commitments, progress on climate action has been limited, particularly concerning climate justice for developing nations. This article reviews the structural inefficiencies of the UNFCCC, highlights demands for reform, and outlines Brazil's efforts to restore confidence in the process ahead of COP30.

Key Takeaways

• The UNFCCC is crucial for negotiating climate agreements but is facing a crisis of credibility.
• Developing countries are demanding more climate finance and accountability from developed nations.
• Brazil is proposing reforms to make negotiations more inclusive and efficient as the host of COP30.

Additional Details

• About the UNFCCC: The UNFCCC is an international treaty aimed at combating dangerous human interference with the climate system by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Signed in 1992 by 154 states at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, it entered into force on March 21, 1994. By 2022, there were 198 parties to the treaty, with the Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting annually.
• Background - The UNFCCC Credibility Crisis:
  • Developed countries have consistently failed to meet their emission targets and financial commitments.
  • Developing nations, particularly small island states, feel marginalized in negotiations and decision-making processes.
  • The U.S. withdrawal under the Trump administration diminished trust in the negotiation process, leading to perceptions of its inefficacy.
• Bonn Climate Meeting and the Road to COP30:
  • The Bonn climate meeting, held annually in June, focuses on preparing for COP summits and this year aims to rebuild confidence in the process ahead of COP30 in Brazil.
  • Brazil is spearheading a 30-point reform proposal to enhance inclusivity and efficiency in negotiations.
• Key Reform Proposals:
  • Structural Streamlining: Proposals include eliminating overlapping agenda items, shortening negotiation time, and limiting delegation sizes to prevent dominance by wealthier nations.
  • Limit on Host Countries: Suggestions to prevent countries with poor climate action records, such as those reliant on fossil fuels, from hosting COP meetings.
  • Mainstreaming UNFCCC: Brazil proposes discussions in other multilateral forums to complement UNFCCC efforts.
• Developing Nations’ Demand - More Climate Finance:
  • Developing countries face significant challenges due to inadequate climate finance, crucial for fulfilling the 2015 Paris Agreement goals.
  • Developed nations are expected to mobilize at least $100 billion annually, but recent pledges have fallen short, highlighting the urgent need for accessible and sustained financial support.
• Civil Society and Observers' Role: Civil society groups are essential in advocating for more transparent and inclusive negotiations, demanding a restructured COP format that limits fossil fuel influence.

In conclusion, while Brazil's leadership and proposals for reform are significant, major structural changes to the UNFCCC process are unlikely to be realized soon due to entrenched interests and the lack of consensus. Nonetheless, these initiatives represent a vital effort to enhance accountability, inclusivity, and effectiveness in global climate governance.

Barilius imphalensis: A New Discovery in Freshwater Fish

Why in News?

A new species of freshwater fish, named Barilius imphalensis, has been recently discovered in the Imphal River located in Manipur, India. This discovery highlights the rich biodiversity and ecological significance of the region.

Key Takeaways

• Barilius imphalensis is a newly identified species of freshwater fish.
• It is locally known as Ngawa in the Meitei language.
• The fish belongs to the Danionidae family and Chedrinae subfamily.
• It is endemic to the Imphal River and exhibits marked differences from other known species in India and Southeast Asia.

Additional Details

• Habitat: Barilius imphalensis thrives in clear, shallow waters, typically ranging from 3 to 5 feet in depth. Its environment features gravel and cobble beds, complemented by lush riverbank vegetation.
• Distinctive Features: This species is characterized by the absence of barbels (sensory whisker-like organs), a series of short blue vertical bars on its body, and tiny tubercles (small bumps) on its snout and jaw.
• The fish possesses a complete lateral line comprising 41 scales, which is crucial for sensing movement and vibrations in water.

The discovery of Barilius imphalensis not only enriches the biodiversity of the Imphal River but also underscores the ecological importance of freshwater habitats in the region.

Kashmir’s Unprecedented Heatwave Explained

Why in News?

On July 5, the Kashmir Valley recorded its highest day temperature in more than 70 years, with Pahalgam experiencing its hottest day ever. This extreme heat follows the valley's hottest June in nearly 50 years, marking a significant shift in the region's climate patterns.

Key Takeaways

• Kashmir experienced its hottest June in 50 years, with temperatures averaging 3°C above normal.
• Srinagar recorded a temperature of 37.4°C on July 5, the highest in over 70 years.
• Climate change and urbanization are key factors contributing to rising temperatures.

Additional Details

• Kashmir’s Climate: The region is characterized by four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Spring and autumn generally feature moderate temperatures, while winters can be harsh with significant snowfall. Summers are relatively mild, but recent trends show a notable rise in temperatures.
• Persistent Heat: Unlike previous years where high temperatures were short-lived, 2024 has seen consistently elevated temperatures, indicating a deeper climatic shift.
• Factors Behind Rising Temperatures: Global warming is the primary driver of increased baseline temperatures. Additionally, urban heat islands, particularly in cities like Srinagar, are exacerbating the situation due to rapid urbanization, loss of vegetation, and water bodies.
• Urban Heat Islands (UHIs): These are urban zones that are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The UHI effect in Kashmir is intensified by hard surfaces that absorb and radiate heat, combined with limited green spaces.

The unprecedented heatwave in Kashmir serves as a stark reminder of the impacts of climate change and urbanization. As the region continues to experience these shifts, understanding and addressing the underlying causes becomes increasingly important for environmental stability and public health.

Dudhwa Tiger Reserve

Why in News?

Recent reports indicate a remarkable increase in the Leopard population within the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (DTR), with growth recorded at 198.91% since 2022.

Key Takeaways

• The Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is located on the Indo-Nepal border in Uttar Pradesh.
• It comprises the Dudhwa National Park and two additional sanctuaries: Kishanpur and Katerniaghat.
• It features a typical Tarai-Bhabar habitat of the upper Gangetic plains.

Additional Details

• Location: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is situated in the district of Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh, bordering Nepal. It includes the Dudhwa National Park along with the Kishanpur and Katerniaghat sanctuaries.
• Topography: The reserve is characterized by a Tarai-Bhabar habitat, typical of the upper Gangetic plains Biogeographic province.
• Rivers: Major rivers including the Sharda, Geruwa, Suheli, and Mohana flow through this reserve, all tributaries of the Ghagra River.
• Vegetation: The vegetation is classified as North Indian Moist Deciduous, featuring some of the finest examples of Sal forests (Shorea robusta) in India.
• Flora: The flora includes Sal forest along with associated species like Terminalia alata (Asna), Lagerstroemia parviflora (Asidha), and Adina cordifolia (Haldu).
• Fauna: The fauna consists of diverse species including Guldar, Tiger, Fishing Cat, Monkeys, Langurs, Mongoose, and Jackals, among others.

In conclusion, the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve serves as a crucial habitat for a variety of species, with a significant increase in the Leopard population reflecting the successful conservation efforts in the region.

Lessons from the Telangana Blast

Why in News?

Recently, a devastating explosion occurred at Sigachi Industries, a pharmaceutical factory located in Pashamylaram near Hyderabad. This incident resulted in the destruction of a three-storey building and claimed the lives of 39 out of the 143 workers present at the time. Initially, Sigachi Industries denied allegations of a reactor explosion, asserting that the blast did not stem from reactor failure. An investigation is currently underway, led by a four-member expert committee headed by B. Venkateshwar Rao, an emeritus scientist from CSIR-IICT.

Key Takeaways

• The blast is part of a troubling pattern of industrial accidents in the pharmaceutical sector.
• Regulatory lapses may have contributed to the incident, highlighting the need for better safety protocols.
• Environmental management failures have severe implications for public health and safety.

Additional Details

• Recent Incidents:The Telangana blast follows a series of deadly accidents in nearby pharmaceutical units, including:
  • SB Organics, Sangareddy (2024): 6 dead
  • Anakapalli, Andhra Pradesh (Aug 2024): 17 dead
  • Parawada, Andhra Pradesh (June 2025): 2 dead
• Cause of the Blast: Initially suspected to be a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE), forensic experts have now shifted focus to a potential dust explosion, likely triggered by microcrystalline cellulose, a highly combustible substance used in pharmaceuticals.
• Regulatory Compliance: Emergency responders faced challenges due to incomplete or missing environmental display boards, which are mandatory for providing critical information during emergencies. This lack of compliance delayed rescue efforts.
• Environmental Impact: Telangana is a significant hub for pharmaceutical production, accounting for one-third of India's output and a substantial portion of global vaccine production. However, the region faces ongoing environmental issues, with pollutants from pharma units degrading soil and water quality.

The Telangana blast serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for a robust regulatory framework to ensure safety and compliance in the pharmaceutical sector. As India's pharmaceutical industry continues to grow, aligning this growth with stringent safety and environmental standards is essential to safeguard public health and maintain global credibility.

Green Climate Fund: Strengthening Climate Resilience

Why in News?

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) has recently approved over USD 120 million in new funding aimed at enhancing climate resilience in the countries of Ghana, the Maldives, and Mauritania. This initiative signifies a major step towards supporting developing nations in their climate action efforts.

Key Takeaways

• The GCF is the largest dedicated climate fund globally, established during COP 16 in Cancun in 2010.
• It operates as part of the financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• The GCF aims to assist developing countries in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) toward low-emission and climate-resilient development.

Additional Details

• Country-Driven Approach: A fundamental principle of the GCF is to follow a country-driven approach, empowering developing countries to lead in programming and implementation.
• Investment Allocation: The GCF mandates that 50% of its resources be allocated to mitigation efforts and 50% to adaptation, with at least half of the adaptation resources directed to the most climate-vulnerable countries, including Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and African States.
• The GCF is a legally independent institution, with a secretariat located in Songdo, South Korea, which began its operations in December 2013.

This funding initiative by the GCF marks a significant commitment to addressing climate change impacts and enhancing resilience in developing nations, furthering global efforts to combat climate change.

Controversy Over ISFR 2023 - Forest Rights Act (FRA) Blamed for Forest Cover Loss

Why in News?

The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023 has attributed a "negative" change in forest and tree cover partly to the implementation of the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006. This assertion has elicited a strong rebuttal from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, which has raised questions about the scientific validity of the claim and its potential implications for the implementation of the FRA.

Key Takeaways

• The ISFR 2023 highlighted a significant decline in dense natural forests in India.
• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has contested the report's claims regarding FRA.
• There is a call for scientific evidence before drawing policy implications from the report.

Additional Details

• Findings of the ISFR 2023: The report indicates a loss of over 1,200 sq km of Mid-Dense Forest (MDF) and an equal area of Open Forest (OF) within the Recorded Forest Area (RFA). However, it noted an addition of over 2,400 sq km of Very Dense Forest. Additionally, outside the RFA, India lost approximately 64 sq km of Dense Forest and over 416 sq km of Mid-Dense Forest.
• Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Officially titled the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, the FRA aims to recognize and grant rights to Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD) who have historically occupied and used forest land.
• Major Points of Contention: The report's mention of FRA in the context of forest cover loss is unprecedented. The Tribal Affairs Ministry argues that the ISFR 2023 lacks scientific evidence and could reinforce biases against FRA implementation. The FRA is designed to acknowledge the existing rights of forest dwellers and does not legalize encroachments or introduce new rights that could jeopardize ecological balance.
• Reactions from Civil Society: Over 150 organizations have expressed their discontent with the claims made in the ISFR 2023, criticizing the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) for undermining the FRA through unverified conclusions. The Environment Ministry responded by stating that the ISFR 2023 indicates substantial increases in forest cover attributed to community-led conservation efforts.

The ongoing controversy underscores the delicate balance between environmental conservation and the rights of tribal communities. There is a pressing need for robust scientific validation before implementing policy changes to ensure the integrity of both forest governance and tribal rights under the FRA.

Species in News: Garcinia kusumae

Why in News?

Researchers in Assam have made a significant discovery of a new tree species, Garcinia kusumae, locally known as thoikora. This addition to the Garcinia genus marks an important botanical find in the region.

Key Takeaways

• Species Identity: Garcinia kusumae is an evergreen tree species that is endemic to Assam, India.
• Discovery: Discovered in 2024 by Jatindra Sarma during a field survey in Bamunbari, Baksa district.

Additional Details

• Botanical Traits: This species is dioecious, grows up to 18 metres in height, flowers between February and April, and fruits from May to June.
• Distinct Features: Garcinia kusumae is characterized by having up to 15 staminate flowers per fascicle, fewer stamens, and producing blackish resinous berries.
• Ethnobotanical Uses: The fruit is utilized in local dishes such as sherbet and fish curries, and is also used for medicinal purposes, including remedies for diabetes and dysentery. The seed aril is consumed raw with condiments.

This discovery not only contributes to the understanding of biodiversity in Assam but also highlights the importance of the Garcinia genus, which is known for its floral diversity and various uses in traditional practices.

Kariyachalli Island: A Crucial Restoration Initiative

Why in the News?

The Tamil Nadu government, in collaboration with the World Bank, has initiated a significant restoration project worth ₹50 crore for the rapidly sinking Kariyachalli Island.

Key Takeaways

• Kariyachalli Island is one of the 21 uninhabited islands within the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park.
• It is a biodiversity hotspot, home to over 4,300 marine species, including 132 types of coral and the endangered dugong.
• The island has experienced a drastic reduction in size, shrinking by over 70% since 1969.

Additional Details

• Geographic Location: Kariyachalli Island is situated 4 km south of Sippikulam and 20 km northeast of Thoothukudi, between Rameswaram and Thoothukudi.
• Ecological Importance: The island hosts vital seagrass beds and coral reefs that furnish food and shelter for various marine life.
• Natural Coastal Shield: It serves as a protective barrier against cyclones and tsunamis, safeguarding the Tamil Nadu coastline.
• The island played a significant role in mitigating the impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
• Reasons for Sinking: The island has suffered from rapid land loss, with a decrease from 20.85 hectares in 1969 to less than 6 hectares in 2024, primarily due to high tide erosion and climate change impacts.
• Studies indicate that current trends could lead to the complete disappearance of Kariyachalli by 2036.

This restoration initiative is critical not only for preserving biodiversity but also for maintaining the ecological balance and protecting the coastal communities from natural disasters.

Why Tigers Keep Migrating?

Why in News?

India's tiger population is experiencing a significant eastward migration as young male tigers from central India's reserves, such as Kanha and Bandhavgarh, disperse into eastern forests in search of territory and mates. This trend has drawn attention due to several recent incidents of tiger migration.

Key Takeaways

• Young male tigers are moving from central India to eastern states like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal.
• Recent migration incidents have resulted in both rescues and conflicts with local communities.

Recent Incidents of Tiger Migration

• Bandhavgarh (MP) → Palamu (Jharkhand) → Purulia (WB): Rescued and sent back to Palamu.
• Simlipal (Odisha) → Jharkhand → Lalgarh (WB): Tiger killed by villagers.
• Tadoba (Maharashtra) → Simlipal (Odisha) → West Bengal: Zeenat, the tigress, was translocated and dispersed.

Back2Basics: Royal Bengal Tiger

• Declared: National Animal of India in 1972 by the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).
• Population: India harbors 75% of the world's wild tigers, with significant populations also in Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar.
• Habitats: Found in diverse habitats including high mountains, mangrove swamps, grasslands, deciduous forests, and evergreen shola forests.

Ecological Significance

• Flagship species: Tigers are essential for conservation efforts as they are the top predators in the food chain.
• Umbrella species: Protecting tigers aids in the conservation of other species through food chain regulation.

Protection Status

• Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I.
• IUCN Red List: Classified as Endangered.
• CITES: Listed in Appendix I.
• Project Tiger: Launched in 1973 as a wildlife conservation initiative in India.

Behavioural Traits of Tigers Influencing Dispersal

• Territorial Independence: Male tigers leave their natal territory upon maturity to find prey-rich zones and mates, triggering long-distance dispersal.
• Gendered Dispersal:
  • Males: Wanderers that cover vast areas and often cross multiple states.
  • Females: Philopatric, staying close to their birthplace and typically accepted by nearby relatives.
• Source-Sink Dynamics: Source forests like Kanha and Bandhavgarh produce surplus tigers, while sink forests like Palamu and Dalma cannot sustain populations without new immigrants.
• Adaptive but Risk-Prone: Tigers are inclined to explore new habitats, even degraded ones, but face challenges such as food scarcity, isolation, and human conflict.
• Prey Dependence and Conflict: In areas lacking prey, floater tigers resort to livestock hunting, increasing the risk of human-tiger conflict.
• Resilience and Colonisation Instinct: Despite setbacks, tigers persist in attempting to colonise new areas, which offers hope for species expansion with proper conservation support.

What is a Mud Volcano?

The recent eruption of the Wandan mud volcano in Taiwan has captured local interest as bubbling mud shot into the air, prompting locals to ignite the ejected gases with burning rags. This event highlights the dynamic nature of mud volcanoes and their unique geological phenomena.

Key Takeaways

• A mud volcano is typically a small cone formed from mud and clay.
• These volcanoes can erupt mud and gases, sometimes reaching impressive heights.
• Approximately 1,000 mud volcanoes are identified globally, both on land and underwater.

Additional Details

• Definition: A mud volcano is a geological structure formed by a mixture of hot water and fine sediment that can either pour gently from the ground or be violently ejected due to volcanic gas pressure.
• Eruptions: These eruptions can rebuild the cones continuously and can be powerful enough to spew flames and gases into the atmosphere.
• Gas Emissions: Common gases released during eruptions include methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, with the liquid often being water that may be acidic or salty.
• Geographical Distribution: Mud volcanoes are found in regions such as southeastern Ukraine, Italy, Romania, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, China, and across North and South America, including Alaska and Venezuela.
• Formation: Mud volcanoes, also called "sedimentary volcanoes," are formed from geologically excreted liquids and gases at lower temperatures compared to igneous processes.

Understanding mud volcanoes not only enriches our knowledge of geological processes but also emphasizes the unique environmental interactions at play within our planet's crust.

ZSI Records 683 Faunal Discoveries in Its 110th Year

Why in News?

The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has recently released Version 2.0 of the Checklist of Fauna of India, which documents an impressive total of 105,244 species and subspecies. This significant update highlights the ongoing efforts of the ZSI in cataloging and understanding the biodiversity of India.

Key Takeaways

• The ZSI was established in 1916 by British zoologist Thomas Nelson Annandale.
• It is the leading taxonomic research organization in India, located in Kolkata.
• The ZSI aims to advance knowledge of India's rich animal diversity through surveys and research.

Additional Details

• History of ZSI: The ZSI originated from the Zoological Section of the Indian Museum in Calcutta in 1875. Since its inception, it has focused on documenting the diverse fauna of India.
• Recent Discoveries: In the years 2024-2025, the ZSI reported the discovery of several significant new species, including a new genus of skink named Dravidoseps gouensis from the Western Ghats and a new snake species Anguiculus dicaprioi, named after actor Leonardo DiCaprio.
• Additionally, the survey identified 2 new genera and 37 new species of reptiles, 5 new amphibian species, and multiple new insect species, particularly among beetles, moths, flies, and bees.
• The highest representation of newly discovered species was among insects, specifically those in the orders Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Diptera (flies), and Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps).

Overall, the ZSI continues to play a crucial role in enhancing our understanding of India's biodiversity, underscoring the importance of ongoing exploration and taxonomic research in the field of zoology.

New Flowering Plant Named After Nyishi Tribe

Why in News?

A new species of flowering plant, Begonia nyishiorum, has been discovered in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, highlighting the region's rich biodiversity.

Key Takeaways

• The plant is endemic to the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Officially described in June 2025 in Novon, a peer-reviewed journal.
• Recognized for its unique crimson, fringed scales and light green petioles.
• Thrives in moist, shaded mountain slopes at altitudes between 1,500 and 3,000 metres.
• Potentially vulnerable, known from only two forest locations, necessitating conservation efforts.
• Named in honor of the Nyishi tribe, recognized for their ecological stewardship.

Additional Details

• About Begonia nyishiorum: This newly identified flowering plant displays distinct features that set it apart from other Asian begonias, particularly its crimson, fringed scales.
• Habitat: The species flourishes on moist, shaded mountain slopes, which are critical for its survival.
• Ecological Importance: The limited range of this species highlights the need for conservation efforts to protect it from potential threats.
• Name Origin: The species name honors the Nyishi tribe, the largest ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh, with a population of about 300,000.
• Linguistic and Cultural Identity: The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, and the term "Nyishi" signifies a "civilized human."
• Livelihood and Festivals: The Nyishi people engage in various economic activities, including slash-and-burn farming, hunting, fishing, and traditional handicrafts.

This discovery not only adds to the scientific community's understanding of biodiversity in Arunachal Pradesh but also emphasizes the cultural ties between the Nyishi tribe and their natural environment.