Ethics: First Human Neuralink Implant (February 2024) | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

Why in News?

Recently, Elon Musk announced the successful implantation of a Neuralink device in a human subject. The device, about the size of a large coin, is specifically designed for implantation in the skull to facilitate a brain-computer interface. Neuralink has received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the "investigational device exemption." 

What is the Brain-Computer Interface?

A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology that allows direct communication between the brain and external devices, such as computers or prosthetics, without using traditional neuromuscular pathways like nerves and muscles. BCIs typically use sensors to detect brain activity, which is then translated into commands or actions, enabling individuals to control devices or interact with the external world using their thoughts. 

What are the Potential Applications of Brain-Computer Interface?

• Medical Treatments: Neurological Disorders: Monitoring and treating conditions like epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and neurodegenerative disorders by directly interfacing with the brain.
• Stroke Rehabilitation: Assisting in motor function recovery and rehabilitation after a stroke.
• Assistive Technology: Paralysis: Enabling individuals with paralysis or motor impairments to control devices such as prosthetics, wheelchairs, or robotic limbs using their thoughts.
• Locked-in Syndrome: Restoring communication for individuals with conditions like locked-in syndrome, where the person is paralyzed except for the muscles controlling eye movement.
• Mental Health Monitoring: Providing real-time data for monitoring and managing mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety.
• Virtual and Augmented Reality Interaction: Enhancing virtual and augmented reality experiences by allowing users to interact with digital environments using their thoughts.

What are the Ethical Considerations Related to Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)?

• Privacy Concerns: BCIs can potentially decode thoughts and emotions. Unauthorized access to this information raises concerns about cognitive privacy.
• As with any technology involving the collection and storage of sensitive data, there are risks of hacking and unauthorized access to brain data, which could lead to identity theft or other malicious uses.
• Neurosecurity: There is a risk that BCIs could be manipulated, leading to unauthorized control or manipulation of a person's thoughts or actions.
• Equity and Accessibility: Critics argue that BCIs could exacerbate social inequalities if only specific socioeconomic groups can afford the technology, leading to a "cognitive divide."
• Medical and Therapeutic Applications: Distinguishing between therapeutic uses of BCIs and threats to normal cognitive function is subjective.

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