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1. What are the principles of inheritance and variation?
Ans. The principles of inheritance and variation are fundamental concepts in genetics that explain how traits are passed down from one generation to another. The principle of inheritance states that traits are inherited through the transmission of genes from parents to offspring. The principle of variation, on the other hand, explains that individuals within a population exhibit variations in traits due to genetic differences.
2. How do genes determine inheritance and variation?
Ans. Genes, which are segments of DNA, determine inheritance and variation by encoding the instructions for the development and functioning of organisms. Different forms of genes, called alleles, can exist for a particular trait. Inheritance occurs when offspring receive one allele from each parent, leading to the expression of specific traits. Variation arises from the presence of different alleles within a population, leading to phenotypic differences among individuals.
3. What is the role of mutation in inheritance and variation?
Ans. Mutation plays a significant role in both inheritance and variation. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence, and they can occur spontaneously or due to external factors such as radiation or chemicals. Mutations introduce new alleles into a population, leading to genetic variation. In some cases, mutations can result in genetic disorders or diseases. However, they can also contribute to the evolution of species by providing new genetic material for natural selection to act upon.
4. How are Mendel's laws related to inheritance and variation?
Ans. Gregor Mendel, known as the father of genetics, formulated three laws that are closely related to inheritance and variation. Mendel's law of segregation states that during the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a trait separate. Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one trait is not influenced by the inheritance of another trait. These laws explain how traits are inherited and how genetic variation is maintained within a population.
5. How does genetic recombination contribute to variation?
Ans. Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is exchanged between different chromosomes during meiosis. This process leads to the creation of new combinations of alleles, resulting in genetic variation. Genetic recombination can occur through crossing over, where sections of homologous chromosomes are exchanged, or through the independent assortment of chromosomes during gamete formation. These mechanisms increase genetic diversity within a population and contribute to the variation observed among individuals.
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