Geography - 4 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

India’s Deep Drill Mission

The Borehole Geophysics Research Laboratory (BGRL), part of India’s Ministry of Earth Sciences, is responsible for the country’s Scientific Deep Drilling (SDD) program. This involves drilling boreholes to study the Earth’s crust in detail. 

Objective of Scientific Drilling at Koyna 

• Earthquake Activity: Koyna has experienced frequent earthquakes since the Koyna Dam was built in 1962. 
• Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS): This region is a prime example of RTS, where the filling of a reservoir triggers seismic activity. 

Drilling Technique Used at Koyna 

The drilling at Koyna uses a hybrid technique that combines: 

• Mud Rotary Drilling:. steel rod cuts through the rock, generating heat, which is managed by a cooling liquid or drilling mud. This mud also helps remove debris from the borehole. 
• Percussion Drilling (Air Hammering): Highly compressed air is used to push through the drilling rod, deepening the borehole and flushing out the rock cuttings. 

Challenges Faced

• Labour and Capital Intensive: The project requires significant labor and investment, along with careful planning and expertise in drilling. 
• Increasing Load: As the borehole gets deeper, the load on the drilling equipment increases. 
• Harsh Conditions: The Earth’s interior is hot, dark, and under high pressure, making long and continuous operations difficult. 

Importance of Scientific Drilling at Koyna

• Earthquake Study: Provides a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms behind earthquakes. 
• Planetary History: Helps expand knowledge about the Earth’s history, including active fault zones, rock types, energy sources, and potential life forms. 
• Deccan Volcanism: Offers insights into the volcanic activity in the Deccan region and its role in mass extinctions. 
• Geothermal Potential: Assesses the geothermal energy potential of the West Coast Belt. 
• RTS Mechanism Model: Aims to develop a model for understanding how Reservoir Triggered Seismicity works. 

Cold War Data Challenges Climate Model Accuracy

Why in the News?

Recent Study on Carbon Cycling by Plants. recent study published in the journal Science by an international research team has raised new questions about how climate models perceive the carbon cycle in relation to plants. The research suggests that plants may absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere more effectively than previously believed, but they also release it back into their surroundings more quickly than expected. The study utilizes data from radiocarbon (carbon-14) generated by nuclear bomb tests to analyze the carbon cycle's dynamics. 

Key Findings of the Study

• Increased Carbon Storage Estimates: The study estimates that plants store approximately 80 billion tonnes of carbon annually, primarily in leaves and finer roots. This figure is significantly higher than earlier estimates, which ranged from 43 to 76 billion tonnes. 
• Implications for Carbon Cycling: The findings imply that plants may be cycling carbon through the atmosphere and soil more rapidly than previously thought, challenging existing climate models. 
• Role of Radiocarbon Data: The research highlights the importance of incorporating radiocarbon data into climate models. Many models have not accounted for this data, leading to potential inaccuracies in predicting carbon cycling and its impact on climate change. 
• Need for Model Improvement: Only one model, the Community Earth System Model 2, has considered radiocarbon data, but it predicted lower absorption levels than those found in the study. The researchers emphasize the need to improve climate models to reflect the faster carbon cycling observed in their research. 

Study from Cold War Relics

• Use of Radiocarbon Data: The study leverages the radiocarbon data released during the Cold War nuclear bomb tests to understand carbon dynamics better. The tests inadvertently provided valuable data for climate research by releasing significant amounts of radiocarbon into the atmosphere. 
• Impact of the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty: The analysis of radiocarbon levels before and after the 1963 treaty, which halted atmospheric nuclear testing, offers insights into how carbon is cycled between the atmosphere and vegetation. This comparison helps researchers understand the changes in carbon dynamics over time. 
• Need for Model Enhancement: The study underscores the necessity of enhancing climate models to incorporate radiocarbon data. By doing so, researchers can achieve more accurate predictions of carbon cycling and its implications for climate change. This improvement will lead to more reliable forecasts and better-informed policy decisions. 

How the Whole System is Cycling Faster?Accelerated Carbon Exchange:

The research indicates that the entire carbon cycle operates at a faster pace than previously understood. While plants absorb more CO₂, they also release it back into the atmosphere more quickly. This dynamic leads to a less stable and more fluid carbon storage system. 

Implications for Climate Mitigation: The findings raise important considerations for climate mitigation strategies that rely on plant carbon sequestration to offset fossil fuel emissions. If plants release carbon sooner than anticipated, the effectiveness of natural carbon sinks in mitigating climate change may be overestimated. 

Way Forward
Incorporating Radiocarbon Data

•  Integrate radiocarbon data into existing and future climate models. 
•  Improve the accuracy of predictions regarding carbon cycling and the role of vegetation in carbon sequestration. 
•  Enhance the reliability of climate change impact forecasts and inform better policy decisions. 

Developing Dynamic Carbon Cycle Models

•  Improve climate models to reflect the faster carbon cycling observed in the study. 
•  Ensure models accurately represent the pace at which carbon is absorbed and released by plants. 
•  Refine strategies for climate mitigation based on more accurate carbon cycling data. 

Global Soil Conference 2024 and Soil in India

The Global Soil Conference 2024, held in New Delhi, focused on the critical role of soil health in sustainable development. Organized by the Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS) in collaboration with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the conference brought together policymakers, scientists, and stakeholders to address global soil challenges. 

Government Initiatives for Soil Conservation:

• Soil Health Card (2015): Helps farmers determine the right fertilizer usage for their crops. 
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana – Per Drop More Crop: Focuses on efficient water use and nutrient management in agriculture. 
• Natural Farming Mission: Promotes sustainable agricultural practices to improve soil health. 

Conference Details:

Organising Bodies:

• Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS): Based in New Delhi, the ISSS is a key organization in soil science research and advocacy. 
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR):. premier research organization in India, ICAR plays a vital role in agricultural research and education. 
• National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS): Also based in New Delhi, NAAS is involved in promoting agricultural sciences in India. 

Theme: The theme of the conference, “Caring Soils Beyond Food Security: Climate Change Mitigation & Ecosystem Services,” highlighted the integral role of soil in combating climate change, ensuring food security, and supporting ecosystem services. 

Objectives:

• Empowering Farmers: To provide education and scientific tools for sustainable agricultural practices. 
• Youth and Women Empowerment: To encourage the involvement of young and female researchers in soil-related innovations. 
• Global Partnerships: To foster collaboration among various stakeholders for actionable soil solutions. 

Focus Areas:

1. Soil as a Global Concern:

• Global Challenges: Recognizing soil erosion and degradation as significant threats to sustainable development. 
• Soil Health: Emphasizing the importance of soil health for the welfare of humans, animals, and plants. 

2. Sustainable Land Management:

•  Addressing the need for sustainable agricultural practices globally to restore soil health. 
•  Promoting international collaboration to share and implement innovative agricultural solutions. 

3. SDGs and Soil Health:

•  Aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the conference underscored soil conservation as crucial for food security and resilient ecosystems. 

India’s Role and Vision:

•  Advocating for sustainable and profitable agricultural practices. 
•  Promoting integrated nutrient and water management for enhanced soil fertility. 
•  Supporting research and innovation in soil conservation and farming practices. 

Conclusion: The Global Soil Conference 2024 highlighted the importance of soil health for food security, ecosystem services, and climate change mitigation. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the conference outcomes is essential for topics related to environmental sustainability and agriculture. The conference reinforced the need for collaborative efforts in achieving environmental conservation and agricultural prosperity.

Global Decline in Freshwater Reserves

Introduction 

Water is a precious resource, and its scarcity is becoming a major global issue. The Global Commission on the Economics of Water (GCEW) warns that by 2050, more than half of the world's food production could be at risk due to water shortages. 

 Key Facts 

• Water Scarcity: Four billion people, nearly two-thirds of the global population, face severe water scarcity for at least one month each year. 
• Inadequate Supply: Over two billion people live in countries where water supply is insufficient. 
• Future Projections: Half of the world's population could be living in water-scarce areas by as early as 2025. 
• Displacement: By 2030, approximately 700 million people might be displaced due to intense water scarcity. 
• Children and Water Stress: By 2040, about one in four children worldwide will be residing in areas of extremely high water stress. 

 Key Findings of the Report 

 Three Key Actions for Effective Water Management 

•  Forge partnerships between public and private sectors to ensure efficient, equitable, and sustainable water use. 
•  Increase financial support for water management across all sectors, focusing on quantity, quality, and reliability. 
•  Develop global water governance that values water as a central principle, recognizing it as both a local and global issue, and addressing the hydrological cycle as a collective and systemic challenge. 

 Water Scarcity: An Overview 

 Water scarcity refers to the lack of sufficient safe water supplies. As the global population grows and climate change worsens, access to fresh drinking water is shrinking. Currently, 785 million people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water. Every day, over 800 children die from diseases caused by contaminated water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. 

 Water scarcity is a serious issue that affects many people around the world. Here are some of the main causes of water scarcity: 

Causes of Water Shortage 

• Droughts and Climate Change: Droughts are a major cause of water scarcity. Climate change affects groundwater stored in aquifers, which supply 36% of the world's domestic water for over 2 billion people. 
• Poor Water Management and Growing Demand: With a global population nearing eight billion, the demand for water is increasing. Climate change adds to this stress, making water management crucial. 
  Case Study - Cape Town: In 2018, Cape Town, South Africa, faced a severe water crisis due to extreme drought, inadequate water management, and overconsumption. 
• Water Pollution: Contaminated water contributes to shortages. Water pollution causes more deaths each year than war and violence combined. Less than 1% of the Earth's freshwater is accessible. 
  Sources of Water Pollution: Water pollution comes from various sources, including sewage and wastewater (over 80% of which is untreated), agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge. 

Effects of Water Shortage 

Water shortage has significant impacts on various aspects of life and the environment. Some of the key effects include: 

1. Food Insecurity: Water scarcity directly affects agriculture, as around 70% of freshwater withdrawals are used for agricultural purposes. With the global population expected to grow, agricultural production needs to increase by 70% by 2050, putting even more pressure on freshwater resources. 
2. Increased Human Conflicts: Competition for limited water resources can lead to conflicts among users, posing risks to millions of lives. For instance, India and Pakistan have had disputes over water control, which is one of the factors contributing to tensions between the two countries. 
3. Health Risks: Water shortages can lead to inadequate sanitation and hygiene, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. Vulnerable populations, including those with disabilities and those affected by HIV and AIDS, are particularly at risk. 
4. Economic Impacts: Water scarcity can hinder economic activities, especially in sectors that rely heavily on water, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. This can lead to job losses and reduced economic growth. 
5. Environmental Degradation: Over-extraction of water resources can lead to environmental degradation, including the loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, and depletion of natural resources. 
6. Migration and Displacement: Severe water shortages can force people to migrate in search of better living conditions, leading to internal and international displacement. This can create additional social and political challenges in both the areas of origin and destination. 

 World Vision's 2030 Goal for Water Program 

 World Vision aims to ensure that by 2030, all communities in its development areas worldwide will have access to: 

•  Safe water (defined as a round-trip walk of 30 minutes or less to the water source) 
•  Adequate sanitation facilities 
•  Hand-washing facilities 
•  Menstrual hygiene facilities 
•  Hygiene promotion and behavior change initiatives 

 The global WASH program will specifically focus on including the most vulnerable groups, such as people with disabilities, those affected by HIV and AIDS, and other marginalized communities. These groups will be actively involved and benefit from improved access to sustainable safe water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities.