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Important Definition: How do Organisms Reproduce? | Science Class 10 PDF Download

Reproduction

It is the biological process by which new individuals of the same species are produced, ensuring the continuity of life.

Asexual Reproduction

A mode of reproduction where offspring are produced by a single parent, and they are genetically identical to the parent. Examples include binary fission, budding, and spore formation.

  • Binary Fission: A type of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical individuals. Common in unicellular organisms like bacteria and amoeba.
  • Budding: A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops as an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism. It eventually detaches to become a separate organism.

Important Definition: How do Organisms Reproduce? | Science Class 10

  • Spore Formation: A method of asexual reproduction where specialized reproductive cells called spores are produced. These spores can develop into new individuals under suitable conditions.
  • Fragmentation: A process of asexual reproduction in which an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment can grow into a complete new organism. Common in organisms like Spirogyra.
  • Regeneration:The ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts and develop into new individuals. It is common in some lower animals like planaria.
  • Vegetative Propagation: A method of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants develop from vegetative parts like roots, stems, or leaves. It is used in crops like sugarcane and rose.

Sexual Reproduction

A mode of reproduction in which two parents (usually one male and one female) contribute genetic material to produce offspring with genetic variations. This promotes genetic diversity.
Important Definition: How do Organisms Reproduce? | Science Class 10

  • Fertilization: The process by which male and female gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a zygote, which is the first cell of a new individual.
  • Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive part (anther) of a flower to the female reproductive part (stigma) of the same or a different flower, leading to fertilization.

Key Terms in Reproduction

  • Gonads: The primary reproductive organs in animals. In males, the gonads are testes, and in females, they are ovaries.
  • Menstruation: The monthly process in females where the inner lining of the uterus is shed along with blood and mucus if fertilization does not occur.

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What is the process of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment can grow into a complete new organism?
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  • Menarche:The first occurrence of menstruation in a girl, typically during puberty.
  • Menopause: The stage in a woman's life when menstruation stops, usually occurring around the age of 45-55, marking the end of her reproductive years.

Contraception

The deliberate use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy or the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Important Definition: How do Organisms Reproduce? | Science Class 10

  • Vasectomy:A surgical method of contraception in males involving the cutting and tying of the vas deferens to prevent the passage of sperm.
  • Tubectomy:A surgical method of contraception in females, which involves the cutting and sealing of the fallopian tubes to prevent the passage of eggs.
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FAQs on Important Definition: How do Organisms Reproduce? - Science Class 10

1. What are the main types of reproduction in organisms?
Ans. The main types of reproduction in organisms are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, such as in binary fission or budding. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring with genetic variation due to the combination of genetic material from both parents.
2. How do plants reproduce?
Ans. Plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction in plants can occur through methods like vegetative propagation, where new plants grow from parts of the parent plant, such as roots, stems, or leaves. Sexual reproduction in plants typically involves the formation of flowers, where pollination occurs, leading to the production of seeds that can grow into new plants.
3. What is the role of gametes in sexual reproduction?
Ans. Gametes are specialized reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction. In animals, the male gamete is the sperm, and the female gamete is the egg. During fertilization, a sperm cell merges with an egg cell to form a zygote, which then develops into an offspring. Gametes carry half the genetic information from each parent, contributing to genetic diversity in the offspring.
4. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Ans. Asexual reproduction has several advantages, including the ability to reproduce quickly and efficiently without the need for a mate. This allows organisms to increase their population size rapidly in favorable conditions. Additionally, since the offspring are genetically identical to the parent, successful traits are preserved, which can be beneficial in stable environments.
5. How does environmental change affect reproduction in organisms?
Ans. Environmental changes can significantly impact reproduction in organisms. For example, changes in temperature, availability of resources, or habitat destruction can affect the reproductive success of species. Some organisms may adapt their reproductive strategies, such as altering the timing or frequency of reproduction, to cope with these changes, while others may face challenges that threaten their survival and reproduction.
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