Class 10 Exam > Class 10 Notes > Science Class 10 > Important Equations and Definitions: Heredity
Important Equations and Definitions: Heredity | Science Class 10 PDF Download
Definitions
- Genetics is the field of biology that deals with the study of how traits and characteristics are inherited and how they vary among individuals within a population.
- Heredity refers to the transmission of traits or characteristics from one generation to the next, while variation encompasses the differences in these traits between individuals.
- Somatic Variation: Somatic variation occurs in the body cells and is neither inherited nor transmitted to offspring. These are also known as acquired traits and may result from environmental factors.
- Gametic Variation: Gametic variation occurs in the reproductive cells (gametes) and is inherited from one generation to the next. These are also known as inherited traits.
- Determination of sex: Sex determination refers to the process of determining the gender of an offspring, which can be influenced by both environmental and genetic factors.
- Factors responsible for Sex Determination: Sex determination can be influenced by environmental factors, such as temperature in some animals, or genetic factors, as in humans with sex chromosomes (XX and XY).
- Acquired Traits: Acquired traits are characteristics developed in an individual due to specific conditions or experiences, and they are not passed on to the offspring.
- Inherited Traits: Inherited traits are characteristics passed from one generation to the next through genetics and can influence the evolution of species.
- Gene flow: Gene flow occurs between populations that are partly but not completely separated, allowing for the exchange of genetic material.
- Genetic drift: Genetic drift is the random change in the frequency of alleles in a population over successive generations, often due to chance events.
- Natural selection: Natural selection is the process by which nature selects and consolidates those organisms that possess favorable variations, increasing their survival chances.
- Geographical isolation: Geographical isolation occurs when physical barriers like mountains or rivers separate populations, leading to reproductive isolation and the potential for speciation.
Variation: Differences among individuals of the same species, either inherited or resulting from environmental factors.
Heredity: The process by which traits or characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through the transmission of genetic information.
Reproduction: The biological process by which new individuals of the same species are produced.
Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction that involves a single parent and produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction that involves the combination of genetic material from two parents, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of traits.
Trait: A specific characteristic or feature of an organism, such as height, color, or shape.
Dominant Trait: A trait that is expressed in the phenotype of an individual, even if only one copy of the gene for that trait is present.
Recessive Trait: A trait that is only expressed in the phenotype of an individual when two copies of the gene for that trait are present.
Genes: Segments of DNA that contain instructions for the synthesis of proteins and determine specific traits.
Chromosomes: Thread-like structures composed of DNA and proteins, located in the cell nucleus, carrying genetic information.
Sex Chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; in humans, the X and Y chromosomes.
Genetic Linkage: The tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together.
Principles Of Inheritance And Variation
- Gamete Calculation
Types of gametes produced can be calculated by the a formula. Go through the given GIF and learn more about it.
Number of gametes = 2n
Where 'n' is the number of heterozygous alleles - Recombination Frequency
A numerical value that describes the proportion of recombinant offspring produced in a genetic cross between two organisms is referred to as 'Recombinant frequency'. Go through the GIF below to learn more about the formula along with an example. - Genetic Linkage
Learn about the formula to calculate the possibility of genetic linkage with respect to the position of genes on a chromosome through this interesting GIF.
Equations:
Number of Gametes: 2n, where 'n' is the number of heterozygous alleles.
Recombinant Frequency: The proportion of recombinant offspring in a genetic cross, calculated as
(Number of Recombinant Off spring/Total Number of Offspring)∗100.
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FAQs on Important Equations and Definitions: Heredity - Science Class 10
| 1. What are the principles of inheritance and variation? |  |
Ans. The principles of inheritance and variation are fundamental concepts in genetics. They describe how traits are passed down from parents to offspring and how genetic variation occurs within a population. The principles include Mendel's laws of inheritance, such as the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment, which explain how traits are inherited. Additionally, the principle of variation states that individuals within a population can have different traits due to genetic differences and environmental factors.
| 2. What is heredity? | |
Ans. Heredity refers to the passing on of traits from parents to offspring. It is the process by which genetic information is transmitted through generations. Traits can be inherited through both genetic factors, such as DNA and genes, and environmental factors. Heredity plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics and traits of an organism, including physical features, behavior, and susceptibility to certain diseases.
| 3. What is meant by genetic variation? | |
Ans. Genetic variation refers to the diversity of genetic material within a population. It is caused by mutations, genetic recombination, and the introduction of new genetic material through migration. Genetic variation is essential for the survival and adaptation of species. It allows for the development of new traits, increased resistance to diseases, and the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. Genetic variation is the basis for natural selection and evolution.
| 4. What are Mendel's laws of inheritance? | |
Ans. Mendel's laws of inheritance are three fundamental principles that explain how traits are passed from parents to offspring. The laws include:
1. Law of Segregation: This law states that during the formation of gametes (sex cells), the pairs of genes responsible for a specific trait separate. Each gamete receives only one gene from each pair, and during fertilization, the offspring inherit one gene from each parent for each trait.
2. Law of Independent Assortment: This law states that genes for different traits segregate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. In other words, the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait.
3. Law of Dominance: This law states that when two different alleles (variants of a gene) are present, one allele is dominant and masks the expression of the other recessive allele. Only when both alleles are recessive, the recessive trait is expressed in the offspring.
| 5. How does genetic variation contribute to evolution? | |
Ans. Genetic variation is a key factor in the process of evolution. It provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon. Genetic variation allows individuals within a population to possess different traits, some of which may be advantageous for survival and reproduction. When the environment changes or presents new challenges, individuals with traits that are better suited to the new conditions have a higher chance of survival and passing on their genes to the next generation. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population, driving evolutionary changes and the emergence of new species.
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