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FAQs on Infographics: Our Genetic Material DNA - Biology Class 12 - NEET
| 1. What is DNA, and what role does it play in genetics? |  |
Ans. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in all living organisms and many viruses. It carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. DNA is structured as a double helix, composed of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine). The sequence of these bases encodes the instructions for building proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells.
| 2. How is DNA replicated in cells? | |
Ans. DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The process begins with the unwinding of the double helix by enzymes called helicases. Each strand serves as a template for synthesizing a new complementary strand, facilitated by the enzyme DNA polymerase. Nucleotides are added according to the base-pairing rules (A with T and C with G). The result is two identical DNA molecules, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand, a process known as semi-conservative replication.
| 3. What are the main functions of DNA in living organisms? | |
Ans. The primary functions of DNA include storing genetic information, transmitting hereditary traits, and directing protein synthesis. DNA serves as a blueprint for the development and functioning of all living organisms. It dictates the synthesis of proteins through the processes of transcription and translation, which are essential for cellular structure, function, and regulation. Additionally, DNA plays a critical role in evolution through mutations and recombination, contributing to genetic diversity within populations.
| 4. What are mutations in DNA, and how do they affect organisms? | |
Ans. Mutations are permanent alterations in the DNA sequence that can occur due to various factors, such as environmental influences, errors during DNA replication, or exposure to radiation. They can be classified as point mutations (single base changes), insertions, or deletions. Mutations can have varying effects on organisms; some may be neutral, others beneficial, leading to new traits, and some can be harmful, potentially causing genetic disorders or diseases. The impact of a mutation depends on its nature and the context within the organism's genome.
| 5. How is DNA analyzed in modern science, and what are its applications? | |
Ans. DNA analysis involves various techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing. These methods allow scientists to amplify, separate, and determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Applications of DNA analysis include genetic testing for inherited diseases, forensic science for identifying individuals in criminal investigations, paternity testing, and studying evolutionary relationships among species. Additionally, DNA technology is crucial in biotechnology for developing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and in medical research for understanding complex genetic conditions.
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