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India Since Independence
The topics under this section have been divided into various eras as given below.
Nehruvian Era
- Aftermath of partition
- Integration of the princely states
- Issue of the official language (this recurs in most eras)
- Reorganisation of states
- Tribal consolidation and issues
- The foreign policy of Pandit Nehru
Shastri Era
- Official language issue
- Food shortage
- Economic crisis
- Indo-Pak war
Indira Gandhi Era
- Official language
- Split in congress (diminishing of Congress hegemony in regions)
- Issue of inflation
- Green revolution
- Punjab crisis – Operation Blue Star
- Land reforms
- Bank nationalization
- Emergency
- Naxal movement
- 1971 war with Pakistan
- Janta movement
Rajiv Gandhi Era
- Environment (focus on this topic for the first time by the government)
- Anti-defection law
- Women movements – Dowry Prohibition Act, Shah Bano case
- Modernisation of army
- Panchayati Raj
Post-1991 Era
The post-1991 era or the era of liberalization era involves the time of V P Singh, Narasimha Rao, etc. You should read about coalition politics, the Mandal Commission, and other issues.
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FAQs on Introduction: Post Independence India- 2 - Post Independence History for UPSC Mains
| 1. What were the major challenges faced by India after gaining independence? |  |
Ans. After gaining independence, India faced several major challenges, including economic instability, religious and communal tensions, the issue of partition, and the task of nation-building. The country had to rebuild its economy, establish a democratic system of governance, and address social inequalities and poverty.
| 2. How did India achieve economic stability post-independence? | |
Ans. India achieved economic stability post-independence through various measures. The government implemented a planned economic development model known as the Five-Year Plans, which emphasized industrialization, infrastructure development, and agricultural growth. Land reforms were also implemented to address agricultural issues, and the public sector was expanded to promote self-sufficiency and economic growth.
| 3. What role did Mahatma Gandhi play in post-independence India? | |
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi played a crucial role in post-independence India as the leader of the Indian independence movement. Even after independence, he continued to advocate for peace, non-violence, and communal harmony. He played a significant role in the social and political transformation of the nation and was instrumental in shaping India's democratic framework and guiding principles.
| 4. How did India address the issue of partition and religious tensions after independence? | |
Ans. India addressed the issue of partition and religious tensions after independence by adopting a secular and inclusive approach. The Indian Constitution guaranteed religious freedom and equal rights to all citizens. Efforts were made to promote communal harmony and unity through various policies and initiatives. However, sporadic incidents of violence and tensions continued to persist in certain regions.
| 5. How did India focus on nation-building after independence? | |
Ans. India focused on nation-building after independence by prioritizing the promotion of national identity, unity, and development. The government undertook initiatives to strengthen national integration and cultural diversity. Efforts were made to improve educational infrastructure, promote scientific temper, and eradicate social evils. The formation of states based on linguistic lines also aimed at preserving cultural diversity and promoting regional development.
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