July 18 – GS1/Art and Culture: 2026 | UPSC Daily Answer Writing Practice PDF Download

Question 1: Mesolithic rock-cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. Critically evaluate this comment. (UPSC GS 1 Mains) 

Answer: 

The Mesolithic Age in India, spanning approximately 10,000 – 2,000 BCE, serves as the transitional period between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic Ages. The art and architecture of this era, referred to as Mesolithic art, focused on portraying the daily life of humans, capturing their close relationship with nature. Unlike modern art, which emphasizes personal thought, Mesolithic art appealed broadly due to its natural simplicity and aesthetic sense.

Key Features of Mesolithic Art and Architecture

1. Focus on Daily Life: Mesolithic art primarily depicted scenes of hunting, animals, social activities, and ceremonial practices. Examples include paintings of sexual activity, childbirth, child-rearing, and funerals.

2. Artistic Expression: The art took the form of petroglyphs (rock engravings) and rock paintings, often located in natural cave shelters. Sites like Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are exemplary, showcasing detailed artwork related to the natural and social environment of the time.

3. Aesthetic Sensibility: The paintings reflected a deep appreciation for nature, portraying it with precision and simplicity. Unlike later periods dominated by artificial and grandiose styles, Mesolithic art stayed closer to the raw and unembellished beauty of the surrounding world.

4. Regional Diversity: Prominent Mesolithic sites include Sarai Nahar Rai and Morhana Pahar in Uttar Pradesh, Bagor in Rajasthan, Alhaj and Valsana in Gujarat, and various sites in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.

Comparison with Modern Art

1. Mesolithic vs. Early Modern Art:
Early modern art (e.g., Company School) often lacked aesthetic depth and focused on material themes under colonial influence. In contrast, Mesolithic art reflected an authentic bond with daily life and nature.

2. Similarities with Revivalist Art:
Revivalist painters like Raja Ravi Verma, Abanindranath Tagore, and Nandlal Bose echoed the Mesolithic spirit by depicting nature and cultural realism. Bharatmata by Tagore reflected India's identity with aesthetic finesse.

3. Contrast with Abstract Modern Art:
Abstract modern art often moves away from natural proportions, appealing to select audiences. Mesolithic art, however, had universal appeal rooted in realism and simplicity.

Conclusion
The Mesolithic Age stands as a testament to humanity’s evolving artistic sensibility, where art was deeply connected to everyday life and nature. The simplicity and aesthetic appeal of Mesolithic art continue to inspire comparisons with later periods of Indian art, particularly the revivalist movements. This era not only marks a pivotal chapter in India's artistic history but also underscores the timeless human desire to interpret life through creativity.