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Many of the Bhakti saints were rebels who chose to defy the currents of their time through their writings. Comment. (UPSC GS 1 Mains)

Introduction
The beginning of Bhakti movement took place in South India between the 7th and the 12th centuries through the teachings of poet saints known as Alvars and Nayanar whose hymns were collected and compiled in the 10th century. Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai, Surdas, Tulsi Das, Chaitanya are some of the prominent saints of Bhakti movement.
Bhakti saints rose voice against the popular social conventions and evils of that time such as:

  • Rejection of ritualism: Instead of rituals they emphasized on worshipping god by love and devotion.
  • Criticized casteism: The Bhakti saints emphasized stress on equality of all castes. They said that no one is high or low in front of god. Everyone is equal.
  • Monotheism: Bhakti saints condemned polytheism, Bhakti Movement was monotheistic, believing in one God who was the Supreme Being and the Creator.
  • Use of common vernacular languages and local dialect: Since these saints wanted to reach the masses which were excluded due to rigid caste rules, Bhakti saints used local dialects as a means of communication, preached in the form of couplets rather than traditional prose. The Bhakti movement promoted the growth of vernacular language and literature in different parts of the country. Kabir used Hindi, Nanak Gurmukhi and Chaitanya Bengali.
  • Hindu-Muslim amity: Due to stress on castes equality, other religions came closer to Hindu religion. Bhakti saints emphasized Hindu Muslim amity, tolerance and friendship.

Conclusion
Thus rebellious impact of Bhakti movement was felt in all spheres of Hinduism. It reformed the religion to a great extent. The evils of caste system, the unnecessary ritualism and Brahmanical orthodoxy of Hinduism received a setback due to the powerful voices of eminent socio-religious reformers during the movement. A deep-rooted change came about to laid the foundations of a liberal and composite Indian society.

Topics Covered - The Bhakti Movement

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FAQs on July 4 – GS1/History: 2026 - UPSC Daily Answer Writing Practice

1. What is the significance of July 4 in American history?
Ans. July 4 is celebrated as Independence Day in the United States, commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. This day marks the formal separation of the thirteen American colonies from British rule and is celebrated with various festivities, including fireworks, parades, and barbecues.
2. What events led to the Declaration of Independence on July 4?
Ans. The Declaration of Independence was influenced by several events, including growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain, such as the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party. The Continental Congress convened in 1775, leading to the drafting of the Declaration by Thomas Jefferson, which was adopted on July 4, 1776.
3. Who were the key figures involved in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence?
Ans. The key figures involved in drafting the Declaration of Independence included Thomas Jefferson, who was the principal author, along with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. These individuals were part of a committee appointed by the Continental Congress to draft the document.
4. How is July 4 celebrated in the United States today?
Ans. Today, July 4 is celebrated with various traditions, including fireworks displays, family gatherings, concerts, and patriotic parades. Many people also engage in outdoor activities and cookouts, reflecting the day’s significance in American culture and identity.
5. What impact did the Declaration of Independence have on other nations?
Ans. The Declaration of Independence inspired numerous movements for independence and democratic governance worldwide. Its principles of liberty and equality influenced revolutions in countries such as France and Latin American nations, promoting the idea of self-determination and human rights globally.
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