Mindmap: Carbon & its compounds | Science Class 10 PDF Download

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Bonding 
in 
Carbon
Covalent Bonding: Carbon forms 
covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
Examples: Methane (CH4), Ethene (C2H4), 
etc.
Types of 
Bonds:
Single bonds 
(e.g., Methane)
Double bonds 
(e.g., Ethene)
Triple bonds 
(e.g., Ethyne)
Allotropes 
of Carbon
Diamond: Hardest substance, 
strong 3D structure.
Graphite: Soft, slippery, 
good conductor of electricity.
Fullerenes: Molecules arranged
 in a spherical shape
 like C-60.
Versatile Nature 
of Carbon
Catenation: Ability to form 
long chains with itself.
Types: 
a. Long Chains
b. Branched Chains
c. Rings
Tetravalency: Carbon can form
 bonds with 4 other atoms.
Organic 
Compounds
De?nition: Compounds containing 
carbon and other elements 
(hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.).
Types of 
Hydrocarbons:
Saturated: Single bonds 
only (e.g., Alkanes).
Unsaturated: Double or
 triple bonds 
(e.g., Alkenes, Alkynes).
Homologous 
Series
De?nition: A series of compounds 
di?ering by a –CH2 group.
Examples: Alkanes (CH4, C2H6), 
Alkenes (C2H4, C3H6).
Important 
Functional Groups
Alcohol (-OH): 
E.g., Ethanol (C2H5OH).
Aldehyde (-CHO): 
E.g., Methanal (CH2O).
Carboxylic Acid (-COOH): 
E.g., Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
Chemical Properties
 of Carbon Compounds
Combustion: Carbon compounds 
burn in oxygen to 
produce CO2, water, heat, and light.
Oxidation: Alcohols can 
be oxidized to 
carboxylic acids.
Addition Reactions: Unsaturated 
hydrocarbons add hydrogen 
to form saturated hydrocarbons.
Substitution Reactions: 
Saturated hydrocarbons 
react with halogens 
(e.g., Chlorination of Methane).
Carbon & 
Its Compounds