i.e. () = a (z - b)
Physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic number . If the elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic number, after a regular interval ,element with similar properties are repeated.
The repetition of the properties of elements after regular intervals when the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number is called periodicity.
The periodic repetition of the properties of the elements is due to the recurrence of similar valence shell electronic configuration after certain regular intervals. For example, alkali metals have same electronic configuration ns1, therefore, have similar properties.
The long form of periodic table is the contribution of Range, Werner, Bohr and Bury
This table is also referred to as Bohr's table since it follows Bohr's scheme of the arrangements of elements into four types based on electronic configuration of elements
The modern periodic table consists of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical column (groups)
There are seven periods numbered as 1, 2,3,4,5,6 and 7.
(i) Each period consists of a series of elements having same valence shell.
(ii) Each period corresponds to a particular principal quantum number of the valence shell present in it.
(iii) Each period starts with an alkali metal having outermost electronic configuration ns1.
(iv) Each period ends with a noble gas with outermost electronic configuration ns2np6 except helium having outermost electronic configuration 1s2.
(v) Each period starts with the filling of new energy level.
(vi) The number of elements in each period is twice the number of atomic orbitals available in energy level that is being filled. To illustrate
1st period shortest period having only two elements. Filling of electron takes place in the first energy shell, for which,
n = 1, l. = 0 (s- subshell) and m = O.
Only one orbital (1s) is available and thus it contains only two elements.
3rd period short period having only eight elements. Filling of electrons takes place in the third energy level. For which,
n = 3, l = 0, 1,2 and no. of orbitals m = 0, 3, 5
no. of orbitals 1 3 5
(3s) (3p) (3d)
Total no. of orbitals 9
But the energy of 3d orbitals are higher than 4s orbitals. Therefore, four orbitals (one 3s and three 3p orbitals) corresponding to n = 3 are filled before filling in 4s orbital (next energy elevel). Hence 3rd period contains eight elements not eighteen elements.
There are eighteen groups numbered as 1,2,3,4,5, ................ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
Group consists of a series of elements having similar valence shell electronic configuration.
Helium belongs to s-block because last entered electron goes in s-block.
(1) There are Seventeen non-metals (including hydrogen) in periodic table.
(2) Five non - metals are solid C, P, S, Se, I
(3) One non - metal is liquid i.e. Br
(4) Eleven non-metals are gaseous.
(5) Six gases are monoatomic (noble gases) i.e. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
(6) Five gases are diatomic, they are H, F, N, O, Cl
(7) There are eight metalloids in periodic table like, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
(8) Five elements are liquid at room temperature namely Cs, Fr, Ga, Hg, and Br,
(9) s - Block and p - Block together are called Representative elements.
(10) Five elements are radioactive amongst representative elements. They are Po, At, Rn, Fr and Ra
(11) There are seven periods in long - form of periodic table.
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1. What is Moseley's Periodic Law? |
2. How does Moseley's Periodic Law improve upon Mendeleev's Periodic Table? |
3. What are some examples of periodic properties that can be explained by Moseley's Periodic Law? |
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