Motion - Physics | IBPS PO Prelims & Mains Preparation - Bank Exams PDF Download

Motion

• Speed is the rate of change of distance

• Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. It signifies both the speed and the direction of movement of an object.

Distance–Time Graphs

• A distance-time graph for an object with uniform speed is a straight line, showing constant speed. Time is on the x-axis (horizontal), distance on the y-axis (vertical), starting from zero. 
• The line has a steady slope, indicating the object covers the same distance in equal time intervals. It is a simple, straight line graph, suggesting consistent motion without acceleration or deceleration.

Distance-time graph for an object with non-uniform speed

• A distance-time graph for an object with non-uniform speed is a curved line, indicating changing speeds. If the curve slopes upwards, the object is accelerating, showing its speed is increasing. 
• A downward slope suggests deceleration, with the speed decreasing. Time is on the x-axis (horizontal), starting from zero, and distance is on the y-axis (vertical), showing the object's changing position over time. 
  

• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

• Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration experienced by an object as it falls freely towards the ground. It is constant throughout the surface of the earth. 

Velocity-time graph for object moving with uniform accelerations

• A velocity-time graph for an object moving with uniform acceleration is a straight line sloping upwards. Time is on the x-axis (horizontal), velocity on the y-axis (vertical). The slope represents the acceleration, with a steeper slope indicating a higher acceleration. 
• The object's velocity increases uniformly over time, showing a constant rate of change in velocity. It is a linear graph, demonstrating consistent acceleration without any changes in the rate of acceleration.

Velocity-Time Graphs

Velocity-time graph for uniform motion of a car

Velocity time graphs in non-uniformly accelerated motion

A velocity-time graph for non-uniformly accelerated motion is a curved line, where time is on the x-axis and velocity on the y-axis. 

- Curved Upwards: Shows acceleration increasing, with velocity changing faster over time.

- Curved Downwards: Indicates acceleration decreasing, with velocity changing slower over time.

The curve's shape reflects how the acceleration changes, illustrating the object's varying velocity due to non-uniform acceleration.

Circular motion

• When a particle moves with a constant speed in a horizontal circular path about an axis or a definite point assumed to be a centre, its motion is called the uniform circular motion.

Centripetal force

• when a particle or a body moves with a uniform speed v on a circular path of radius r, then it is acted upon by a force mv²/r which is always directed towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force

Centripetal Force

Newton’s laws of motion

• First law: 

  Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by some external force to act otherwise. The first law of motion is related to the law of inertia

  Inertia

• Inertia is a tendency of all objects and matter in the universe to remain still, or, if moving, to continue moving in the same direction unless acted on by some outside force.

Inertia of body is of three types:

• Inertia at rest: It is the inability of body to change by itself, its state of rest. This means a body at rest will remain at rest and cannot start moving on its own.

Inertia at rest

• Inertia of motion: It is the inability of a body to change by itself, its state of uniform motion can neither accelerate nor retards on its own and comes to rest.

Inertia of motion

• Inertia of direction: It is the inability of the body to change by itself its direction of motion, i.e., a body continues to move along the same straight line unless compelled by some external force to change it.

Newton's First Law Example

When we shake the tree the fruits and dry leaves remain at their position due to first law of motion, the inertia resist the motion, so, as the branches shake, they get detached from the tree.

2) Passengers fall forward when bus suddenly stops. Why?

The passengers are in motion due to first law and as the bus suddenly stops due to inertia their upper body opposes the force and continues to remain in motion.

Second Law of Motion

• Newton's second law of motion states that rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to applied force and takes place in the same direction as the applied force.

Second Law of Motion

• Momentum,

  Momentum is the product of mass of the body and its velocity. p = mass x velocity

• What is Impulse?

• Impulse can be defined as the force per unit time or change in momentum.
• Momentum is changed whenever a force is applied to a body. 
•         Impulse = Force x Time
                          = Change in momentum

 What is Impulse?

• Impulse can be defined as the force per unit time or change in momentum.
• Momentum is changed whenever a force is applied to a body.
•         Impulse = Force x Time
                           = Change in momentum

Newton's Second Law Example

Thus, by Newton's 2nd law there must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. If we call this force "gravity", then the associated acceleration is "acceleration due to gravity".

To every action there is equal and opposite reaction

1.)In case of inflated balloon, the air rushing outward is action while the balloon going upward is reaction

2) Same thing happens in the rocket propulsion.
The rocket leaves or exerts fuel with some force, the fuel in return produces an equal force on the rocket, which makes the rocket accelerate in the forward direction.

Working Principle of rocket

Common Forces in Mechanics

Friction

• Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other 

Friction

Working of Friction