Table of contents | |
Multiple-Choice Questions | |
Very Short Answer Type Questions | |
Short Answer Type Questions | |
Long Answer Questions |
Q.1. Choose the incorrect statement from the following:
(a) In birds and mammals, internal fertilization takes place.
(b) Colostrum contains antibodies and nutrients.
(c) Polyspermy in mammals is prevented by the chemical changes in the egg surface.
(d) In the human female implantation occurs almost seven days after fertilization.
Ans. (c)
Solution: Internal fertilization is a type of fertilization in which there is a union of an egg and sperm inside a parent's body. Examples include reptiles, mammals, birds. Colostrum is the first form of milk that is produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It contains large numbers of IgA antibodies and lymphocytes that help protect the mucous membranes of the infant.
Q.2. Identify the correct statement from the following:
(a) High levels of estrogen trigger the ovulatory surge.
(b) Oogonial cells start to proliferate and give rise to functional ova in regular cycles from puberty onwards.
(c) Sperms released from seminiferous tubules are highly motile.
(d) Progesterone level is high during the post-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.
Ans. (d)
Solution:
Q.3. Spot the odd one out from the following structures with reference to the male reproductive system:
(a) Rete testis
(b) Epididymis
(c) Vasa efferentia
(d) Isthmus
Ans. (d)
Solution:
Q.4. Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen, is contributed by.
i. Seminal vesicle
ii. Prostate gland
iii. Urethra
iv. Bulbourethral gland
(a) i and ii
(b) i, ii and iv
(c) ii, iii and iv
(d) i and iv
Ans. (b)
Solution: Secretion of the seminal vesicle (paired), prostate gland (unpaired) and bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands (paired) constitute the seminal plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes.
Q.5. Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms from:
(a) Seminiferous tubules
(b) Vas deferens
(c) Epididymis
(d) Prostate gland
Ans. (a)
Solution:
Q.6. Mature Graafian follicle is generally present in the ovary of a healthy human female around:
(a) 5 – 8 day of the menstrual cycle
(b) 11 – 17 day of the menstrual cycle
(c) 18 – 23 day of the menstrual cycle
(d) 24 – 28 day of the menstrual cycle
Ans. (b)
Solution: Mature Graafian follicle is generally present in a healthy human female's ovary around 11-17 day of the menstrual cycle.
Q.7. The acrosomal reaction of the sperm occurs due to:
(a) Its contact with zona pellucida of the ova
(b) Reactions within the uterine environment of the female
(c) Reactions within the epididymal environment of the male
(d) Androgens produced in the uterus
Ans. (a)
Solution:
Acrosome reaction in sperm is triggered by the release of fertilizin. The acrosome's secretions help the sperm enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane.
Q.8. Which one of the following is not a male accessory gland?
(a) Seminal vesicle
(b) Ampulla
(c) Prostate
(d) Bulbourethral gland
Ans. (b)
Solution:
Q.9. The spermatogonia undergo division to produce sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. Choose the correct one with reference to above.
(a) Spermatogonia have 46 chromosomes and always undergo meiotic cell division.
(b) Primary spermatocytes divide by mitotic cell division.
(c) Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes and undergo second meiotic division.
(d) Spermatozoa are transformed into spermatids.
Ans. (c)
Solution:
Q.10. Match between the following representing parts of the sperm and their functions and choose the correct option.
Options:
(a) A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii
(b) A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
(c) A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii
(d) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
Ans. (b)
Solution:
Sperm
Q.11. Which among the following has 23 chromosomes?
(a) Spermatogonia
(b) Zygote
(c) Secondary oocyte
(d) Oogonia
Ans. (c)
Solution: Secondary oocyte (n = 23)
Q.12. Match the following and choose the correct options:
Options:
(a) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
(b) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
(c) A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-iv
(d) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
Ans. (b)
Solution:
Q.13. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by human placenta?
(a) hCG
(b) Estrogens
(c) Progesterone
(d) LH
Ans. (d)
Solution:
Q.14. The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as:
(a) Epididymis
(b) Ejaculatory duct
(c) Efferent ductule
(d) Ureter
Ans. (b)
Solution: The vas deferens receives duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as ejaculatory duct.Male Reproductive System
Q.15. Urethral meatus refers to the following:
(a) Urinogenital duct
(b) Opening of vas deferens into the urethra
(c) External opening of the urinogenital duct
(d) Muscles surrounding the urinogenital duct
Ans. (c)
Solution: The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called urethral meatus (external opening of the urinogenital duct).Urethral MeatusQ.16. Morula is a developmental stage:
(a) Between the zygote and blastocyst
(b) Between the blastocyst and gastrula
(c) After the implantation
(d) Between implantation and parturition
Ans. (a)
Solution: The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a morula. Morula is the solid mass of cells and is mulberry like. Morula is a developmental stage between the zygote and blastocyst.
Q.17. The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is:
(a) Corona radiata
(b) Zona radiata
(c) Zona pellucida
(d) Chorion
Ans. (a)
Solution: The membranous cover of the ovum at ovulation is corona radiata.Ovum
Q.18. Identify the odd one from the following:
(a) Labia minora
(b) Fimbriae
(c) Infundibulum
(d) Isthmus
Ans. (a)
Solution: Fimbriae, infundibulum isthmus and ampulla are the part of the fallopian duct while labia minora is female external genitalia.
Q.1. Given below are the events in human reproduction. Write them in correct sequential order:
Insemination, gametogenesis, fertilisation, parturition, gestation, implantation
Ans. Gametogenesis → Insemination → Fertilisation → Implantation → Gestation → Parturition
Q.2. The path of sperm transport is given below. Provide the missing steps in blank boxes.
Ans.
Q.3. What is the role of cervix in the human female reproductive system?
Ans. Cervix helps in regulating the passage of sperms into the uterus and forms the birth canal to facilitate parturition.
Q.4. Why are menstrual cycles absent during pregnancy.
Ans. The high levels of progesterone and estrogens during pregnancy suppress the gonadotropins which are required for the development of new follicles. Therefore, a new cycle cannot be initiated.
Q.5. Female reproductive organs and associated functions are given below in column A and B. Fill the blank boxes.
Column A | Column B |
Ovaries | Ovulation |
Oviduct | .......a........ |
........b........ | Pregnancy |
Vagina | Birth |
Ans.
Column A | Column B |
Ovaries | Ovulation |
Oviduct | Fertilization |
Uterus | Pregnancy |
Vagina | Birth |
Q.6. From where the parturition signals arise-mother or foetus? Mention the main hormone involved in parturition.
Ans.
Q.7. What is the significance of epididymis in male fertility?
Ans. In the epididymis sperms undergo physiological maturation, acquiring increased motility and fertilizing capacity.
Q.8. Give the names and functions of the hormones involved in the process of spermatogenesis. Write the names of the endocrine glands from where they are released.
Ans. Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to the significant increase in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This is a hypothalamic hormone.
Q.9. The mother germ cells are transformed into a mature follicle through a series of steps. Provide the missing steps in the blank boxes.
Ans.
Q.10. During reproduction, the chromosome number (2n) reduces to half (n) in the gametes, and again the original number (2n) is restored in the offspring, What are the processes through which these events take place?
Ans. The halving of chromosomal number takes place during gametogenesis and regaining the 2n number occur as a result of fertilisation.
Q.11. What is the difference between a primary oöcyte and a secondary oöcyte?
Ans.
Q.12. What is the significance of ampullary–isthmic junction in the female reproductive tract?
Ans. In mammals, fertilization takes place in the ampullary-isthmic junction.
Q.13. How does zona pellucida of ovum help in preventing polyspermy?
Ans.
Q.14. Mention the importance of LH surge during the menstrual cycle.
Ans. LH surge is essential for the events leading to ovulation.
Q.15. Which type of cell division forms spermatids from the secondary spermatocytes?
Ans. Second meiotic division.
Q.1. A human female experiences two major changes, menarche and menopause during her life. Mention the significance of both the events.
Ans.
Q.2. (a) How many spermatozoa are formed from one secondary spermatocyte?
(b) Where does the first cleavage division of zygote take place?
Ans.
(a) Two spermatozoa are formed from one secondary spermatocyte.
(b) First cleavage division of zygote take place in fallopian tube or oviduct.
Q.3. Corpus luteum in pregnancy has a long life. However, if fertilisation does not take place, it remains active only for 10-12 days. Explain.
Ans.
This is because of a neural signal given by the maternal endometrium to its hypothalamus in the presence of a zygote to sustain the gonadotropin (LH) secretion, so as to maintain the corpus luteum as long as the embryo remains there. In the absence of a zygote, therefore, the corpus luteum cannot be maintained longer.
Q.4. What is the foetal ejection reflex? Explain how it leads to parturition.
Ans. Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of the pregnancy causes expulsion/delivery of the foetus. This process of delivery of the foetus (childbirth) is called parturition.
Q.5. Except for endocrine function, what are the other functions of the placenta?
Ans. The placenta facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo. It also removes CO2 and excretory wastes produced by the embryo.
Q.6. Why do doctors recommend breastfeeding during the initial period of infant growth?
Ans.
Q.7. What are the events that take place in the ovary and uterus during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Ans.
Q.8. Given below is a flow chart showing ovarian changes during the menstrual cycle. Fill in the spaces giving the name of the hormones responsible for the events shown.
Ans.
Q.9. Give a schematic labelled diagram to represent Oögenesis (without descriptions).
Ans.
Schematic representation of OogenesisQ.10. What are the changes in the oogonia during the transition of a primary follicle to a Graafian follicle?
Ans.
Q.1. What role does pituitary gonadotropins play during follicular and ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle? Explain the shifts in steroidal secretions.
Ans.
Q.2. Meiotic division during oogenesis is different from that in spermatogenesis. Explain how and why?
Ans. It is true that the meiotic division during oogenesis is different from that in spermatogenesis.
Following are the details about significant differences between them:
Following are some possible reasons for this difference in patterns of oogenesis and spermatogenesis:
Q.3. The zygote passes through several developmental stages till implantation, Describe each stage briefly with suitable diagrams.
Ans.
Q.4. Draw a neat diagram of the female reproductive system and label the parts associated with the following:
(a) Production of gamete
(b) Site of fertilisation
(c) Site of implantation
(d) Birth canal
Ans.
Female Reproductive SystemQ.5. With a suitable diagram, describe the organization of the mammary gland.
Ans.
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1. What are the main stages of human reproduction? |
2. How does the menstrual cycle relate to human reproduction? |
3. What role do hormones play in human reproduction? |
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5. What are common issues that can affect human reproduction? |
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