SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. Suggest some important steps that you would recommend to be taken to improve the reproductive health standards in India.
Ans.
Q.2. The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer of female gamete to the fallopian tube. Can gametes be transferred to the uterus to achieve the same result? Explain.
Ans. The uterine environment is not congenial for the survival of the gamete. If, directly transferred to the uterus they will undergo degeneration or could be phagocytosed and hence viable zygote would not be formed.
Q.3. Copper ions-releasing IUDs are more efficient than non-medicated methods. Why?
Ans. Unlike non-medicated IUEs, the copper releasing IUDs releases Cu ions that suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms.
Q.4. What are the probable factors that contributed to population explosion in India?
Ans. Probable reasons for population explosion are:
Q.5. Briefly explain IVF and ET What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?
Ans. IVF and ET refer to In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer. Gametes from the male and female are collected hygienically and induced to fuse in the laboratory set up under simulated conditions. The zygote formed is collected and is introduced into the uterine region of a host dr surrogate mother at an appropriate time (secretory phase). Early embryos (up to 8 cell) are generally transferred to the fallopian tube whereas embryos with more than 8 cells are transferred to the uterus.
Q.6. What are the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods?
Ans. Advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods:
Q.7. What are the conditions in which medical termination of pregnancy is advised?
Ans.
Q.8. Comment on the essential features required for an ideal contraceptive.
Ans. An ideal contraceptive should be:
Q.9. All reproductive tract infections RTIs are STDs, but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with example.
Ans. The common STDs are gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, hepatitis-B, AIDs etc. Hepatitis-B, and AIDs are not infections of the reproductive organs though their mode of transmission could be through sexual contact also. All other diseases are transmitted through sexual contact and are also infections of the reproductive tract.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the Assisted Reproductive Techniques practised to help infertile couples? Describe any three techniques.
Ans. Inability to conceive or produce children even after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation is called infertility. In India, often the female is blamed ‘ for the couple being childless, but more often than not the problem lies in male partner.
Specialised health care units (infertility, clinics) could help in diagnosis and corrective treatment of some of these disorders and enable these couples to have children. However, where such corrections are not possible, the couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques commonly known as ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies).
1. Test Tube Baby Programme
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) followed by embryo transfer (ET) is a method to treat infertility and commonly known as the ‘Test tube baby’ programme. IVF-Fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body. In this method ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory.
2. GIFT
Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube (GIFT; Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) of another female who cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development.
3. AI Technique
Q.2. Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.
Ans.
Q.3. STDs are a threat to reproductive health. Describe any two such diseases and suggest preventive measures.
Ans. Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse called sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or VD (Venereal diseases) or RTI
(Reproductive tract infections).
Examples of STDs:
(i) HIV (AIDS)
(ii) Hepatitis-B
(iii) Genital herpes
(iv) Chlamydiasis
(v) Gonorrhoea
(vi) Genital warts
(vii) Syphilis
(viii) Trichomoniasis
AIDS
Hepatitis-B
Hepatitis-B viras is horizontally transmitted by blood transfusions, contaminated needles, body fluids like semen, saliva, sweat, tear and breast milk. Hepatitis-B is also transmitted vertically from infected mother to foetus through placenta. For prevention and control hepatitis-B vaccine is now available. Hepatitis-B vaccine was developed by Blumberg, for which he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1976.
Q.4. Do you justify the statutory ban on amniocentesis in our country? Give reasons.
Ans.
Q.5. Enumerate and describe any five reasons for introducing sex education to school-going children.
Ans. Proper information about reproductive organs-physiology and its functioning; discourage myths and misconceptions about sex-related aspects; knowledge about safe and hygienic sexual practices; adolescence and related changes, prevention of STDs, AlDs etc.
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1. What is the importance of reproductive health? |
2. What are the common methods of contraception? |
3. How can sexually transmitted infections (STIs) be prevented? |
4. What are the common causes of infertility in both males and females? |
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptive methods? |
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