Q1. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Ans. The history of developed countries shows that economies typically shift from the primary sector (agriculture) to the secondary sector (manufacturing) and eventually to the tertiary sector (services). Initially, agriculture dominates, then as farming efficiency improves, workers move to industry, and later, as income rises, the service sector becomes the largest in both production and employment.
Q2. Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble.
To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.
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Q3. Discuss with your teacher how you could calculate the total value of a good or service by using the method of value added at each stage.
Ans. To calculate the total value of a good or service using the value-added method, you add up the value added at each step of production:
Identify Steps: Break down the production into stages (like raw materials, processing, final product).
Find Value Added: Subtract the cost of inputs from the value of output at each stage.
Add Up Values: Sum the values added at all stages to get the total value of the final product.
For example, if wheat is made into flour and then into bread, add the value added by the miller and the baker to get the total value of the bread.
Q1. Complete the table using the data given in Graphs 2 and 3 and answer the question that follows. Ignore if data are not available for some years.
What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years?
Ans.
The share of the primary sector in GDP has gone down from 40% in 1973-74 to 10-15% in 2013-14. At the same time, the share of the primary sector in employment has gone down from 71% to 44%. This is because the share of secondary and tertiary sectors has gone up.
Q2. Choose the correct answer: Underemployment occurs when people
(i) do not want to work
(ii) are working in a lazy manner
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(iv) are not paid for their work
Ans. (iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
Underemployment occurs when people are employed in jobs that do not fully utilize their skills, education, or capacity, resulting in them working less than what they are capable of doing.
Q3. Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
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Q4. Why should we be worried about underemployment?
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Q1. Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘ Right to work’ ?
Ans. MGNREGA 2005 is called the ‘Right to Work’ because it guarantees 100 days of employment per year to adults in rural areas who want to work. If the government fails to provide this work, it must pay unemployment allowances, ensuring that people have a legal right to work and financial support if jobs are not available.
Q2. Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also increase the income of people? Discuss.
Ans. As the village head, I suggest activities under MGNREGA 2005 that boost agriculture and income:
Q3. How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Ans. Providing irrigation and marketing facilities boosts income and employment by:
Q4. In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Ans. Employment in urban areas can be increased through:
Q1. Look at the following examples. Which of these are unorganised sector activities?
(i) A teacher taking classes in a school
(ii) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market
(iii) A farmer irrigating her field (iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient
(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor
(vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory
(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house
Ans. (i), (iii), (v) and (vii) are examples of activities in the unorganised sector.
Q2. Talk to someone who has a regular job in the organised sector and another who works in the unorganised sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.
Ans.
Organised Sector:
Unorganised Sector:
Q3. How would you distinguish between organised and unorganised sectors? Explain in your own words
Ans.
The organised sector includes businesses with formal structures and clear regulations. Workers in this sector typically receive benefits such as health insurance and retirement plans. They have written contracts and receive regular wages, and the sector follows labor laws.
The unorganised sector consists of informal businesses where there are no formal contracts. Workers lack job security and often have unstable wages. They do not receive benefits, and examples include small shops, casual laborers, and freelancers.
Q4. The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organised and unorganised sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow.
(a) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture?
(b) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity? Why?
(c) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that ———% of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about ———% of the workers in India.
Ans.
(a) The percentage of people in the unorganised sector is 82.74%.
(b) Yes, agriculture is largely an unorganised sector activity because:
(c) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that 82.74% of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about 17.26% of the workers in India.
Q1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket
(a) Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
(b) Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
(c) Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised)
(d) A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
(e) Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product. (natural / manufactured)
(f) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are _________. (independent / interdependent)
Ans:
(a) Employment in the service sector has not increased to the same extent as production
(b) Workers in the tertiary sector do not produce goods.
(c) Most of the workers in the organized sector enjoy job security.
(d) A large proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganized sector.
(e) Cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product.
(f) The activities in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors are interdependent.
Q2. Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of
(i) employment conditions.
(ii) the nature of economic activity.
(iii) ownership of enterprises.
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise.
Ans: (iii) ownership of enterprises
The primary distinction between the public and private sectors lies in the ownership of the enterprises. Public sector enterprises are owned and operated by the government, while private sector enterprises are owned and operated by private individuals or organizations.
(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ______________ sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Ans: (i) primary
The primary sector involves the production of commodities mostly through natural processes, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing.
(c) GDP is the total value of _____________ produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Ans: (ii) all final goods and services
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year. It excludes intermediate goods to avoid double counting.
(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is _________ per cent.
(i) 20 to 30
(ii) 30 to 40
(iii) 50 to 60
(iv) 60 to 70
Ans: (iii) 50 to 60
Q3. Match the following
Ans:
Q4. Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
Ans:
(i) Tourist Guide
He is appointed by the government, while dhobi, tailor and potter belong to the private sector.
(ii) Vegetable Vendor
He is the only person who works in the primary sector, while others work in the tertiary sector.
(iii) Cobbler
The rest are workers in the public sector or organised sector, while his profession is part of the private sector.
(iv) Jet Airways
It is a private enterprise, while the rest are government undertakings, owned by the Government of India.
Q5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.
Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Ans:
The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70% (50+20).
Q6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Ans:
Classification of Economic Sectors
Q7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Ans:
Q8. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Ans:
We have classified them according to the nature of the activity and according to their sector. This is a useful process as it is an easier way to layout the information.
Q9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
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Q10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
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Q11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
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Q12. “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Ans: No, this statement is not true. Over the past four decades (1970-2010), the tertiary sector has become the largest producer. This growth in the service sector is due to several factors:
Q13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Ans:
(i) Highlight skilled and educated people: service sector in India employs them in multinational companies, public sector and several private enterprises. They are an asset as they add up high income in the National Income of the country.
(ii) Low skilled and less educated people: They are also employed in the service sector, but most of them are uneducated and work in unorganised sectors. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repairpersons, etc.
Q14 Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Ans:
Unorganised Sector
Q15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Ans: They are mainly classified in two types:
(i) Organised Sector
(ii) Unorganised Sector
Q16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Ans:
Q17 Explain the objective of implementing the MG NREGA 2005.
Ans: The objective of implementing the MG NREGA 2005 are:
Q18. Using examples from your area compare and contrast the activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Ans:
Q19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.
Ans:
Q20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Ans:
AIIMS: To provide quality health services at a reasonable rate was the main purpose of the government to start this, besides medical education.
Railways: only the government can invest a large sum of money on a public project with long gestation period. And also to ensure and provide transportation at cheap rates.
Electronic Power Generation by NTPC: The government has taken this up to provide electricity at a reasonable rate to consumers.
Q21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Ans:
Q22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Ans: The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety, and health.
Q23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was ₹60,000 million. Out of this ₹32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Ans:
Q24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Ans:
(i) In 2000
Primary sector = 22.22%
Secondary sector = 20.73%
Tertiary sector = 57.04%
In 2013
Primary sector = 13.94%
Secondary sector = 18.70%
Tertiary sector = 67.36%
(ii)
(iii) The conclusion can be drawn from the bar graph that the share of the tertiary sector to GDP has increased by 10 percent while that of the primary sector is almost halved and the secondary sector has grown by 2 percent in the last 13 years.
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1. What are the three sectors of the Indian economy? |
2. How does the primary sector contribute to the Indian economy? |
3. What role does the secondary sector play in industrial development? |
4. Why is the tertiary sector important for economic growth? |
5. How do the sectors of the economy interlink with each other? |
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