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b±Vsa] euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k¡
gM+Iik lH;rk
gM+IikbZ eqgj (fp=k 1.1) laHkor% gM+Iik vFkok ¯lèkq ?kkVh lH;rk
dh lcls fof'k"V iqjkoLrq gSA lsy[kM+h uked iRFkj ls cukbZ xbZ bu
eqgjksa ij lkekU; :i ls tkuojksa osQ fp=k rFkk ,d ,slh fyfi osQ fpÉ
mRdhf.kZr gSa ftUgsa vHkh rd i<+k ugha tk ldk gSA fiQj Hkh gesa bl
{ks=k esa ml le; cls yksxksa osQ thou osQ fo"k; esa muosQ }kjk ihNs
NksM+h xbZ iqjkoLrqvksaµtSls muosQ vkoklksa] e`nHkk.Mksa] vkHkw"k.kksa] vkS”kkjksa
rFkk eqgjksaµnwljs 'kCnksa esa iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa osQ ekè;e ls cgqr
tkudkjh feyrh gSA vc ge ns[ksaxs fd ge gM+Iik lH;rk osQ fo"k;
esa D;k vkSj oSQls tkurs gSaA ge ;g vUos"k.k djsaxs fd iqjkrkfRod
lk{;ksa dh O;k[;k oSQls dh tkrh gS vkSj bu O;k[;kvksa esa oSQls
dHkh&dHkh cnyko vk tkrk gSA fuf'pr :i ls bl lH;rk osQ dbZ igyw
vkt Hkh gekjh tkudkjh ls ijs gSa vkSj gks ldrk gS] ges'kk gh jgsaA
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn] LFkku rFkk dky
¯lèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dks gM+Iik laLÑfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA iqjkrRofon ^laLÑfr* 'kCn dk
iz;ksx iqjkoLrqvksa osQ ,sls lewg osQ fy, djrs gSa tks ,d fof'k"V 'kSyh osQ gksrs gSa vkSj
lkekU;r;k ,d lkFk] ,d fo'ks"k HkkSxksfyd {ks=k rFkk dky&[kaM ls lac¼ ik, tkrs gSaA
gM+Iik lH;rk osQ lanHkZ esa bu fof'k"V iqjkoLrqvksa esa eqgjsa] euosQ] ckV] iRFkj osQ iQyd
(fp=k 1.2) vkSj idh gqbZ b±Vsa lfEefyr gSaA ;s oLrq,¡ vI
+
kQxkfuLrku] tEew] cywfpLrku
(ikfdLrku) rFkk xqtjkr tSls {ks=kksa ls feyh gSa tks ,d nwljs ls yach nwjh ij fLFkr gSa
(ekufp=k 1)A
bl lH;rk dk ukedj.k] gM+Iik uked LFkku] tgk¡ ;g laLÑfr igyh ckj [kksth xbZ Fkh
(i`"B 6)] osQ uke ij fd;k x;k gSA bldk dky fuèkkZj.k yxHkx 2600 vkSj 1900 bZlk
iwoZ osQ chp fd;k x;k gSA bl {ks=k esa bl lH;rk ls igys vkSj ckn esa Hkh laLÑfr;k¡ vfLrRo
esa Fkha ftUgsa Øe'k% vkjafHkd rFkk ijorhZ gM+Iik dgk tkrk gSA bu laLÑfr;ksa ls gM+Iik lH;rk
dks vyx djus osQ fy, dHkh&dHkh bls fodflr gM+Iik laLÑfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fp=k 1.1
,d gM+IikbZ eqgj
fp=k 1.2
euosQ] ckV rFkk iQyd
fo"k;
,d
Page 2


b±Vsa] euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k¡
gM+Iik lH;rk
gM+IikbZ eqgj (fp=k 1.1) laHkor% gM+Iik vFkok ¯lèkq ?kkVh lH;rk
dh lcls fof'k"V iqjkoLrq gSA lsy[kM+h uked iRFkj ls cukbZ xbZ bu
eqgjksa ij lkekU; :i ls tkuojksa osQ fp=k rFkk ,d ,slh fyfi osQ fpÉ
mRdhf.kZr gSa ftUgsa vHkh rd i<+k ugha tk ldk gSA fiQj Hkh gesa bl
{ks=k esa ml le; cls yksxksa osQ thou osQ fo"k; esa muosQ }kjk ihNs
NksM+h xbZ iqjkoLrqvksaµtSls muosQ vkoklksa] e`nHkk.Mksa] vkHkw"k.kksa] vkS”kkjksa
rFkk eqgjksaµnwljs 'kCnksa esa iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa osQ ekè;e ls cgqr
tkudkjh feyrh gSA vc ge ns[ksaxs fd ge gM+Iik lH;rk osQ fo"k;
esa D;k vkSj oSQls tkurs gSaA ge ;g vUos"k.k djsaxs fd iqjkrkfRod
lk{;ksa dh O;k[;k oSQls dh tkrh gS vkSj bu O;k[;kvksa esa oSQls
dHkh&dHkh cnyko vk tkrk gSA fuf'pr :i ls bl lH;rk osQ dbZ igyw
vkt Hkh gekjh tkudkjh ls ijs gSa vkSj gks ldrk gS] ges'kk gh jgsaA
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn] LFkku rFkk dky
¯lèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dks gM+Iik laLÑfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA iqjkrRofon ^laLÑfr* 'kCn dk
iz;ksx iqjkoLrqvksa osQ ,sls lewg osQ fy, djrs gSa tks ,d fof'k"V 'kSyh osQ gksrs gSa vkSj
lkekU;r;k ,d lkFk] ,d fo'ks"k HkkSxksfyd {ks=k rFkk dky&[kaM ls lac¼ ik, tkrs gSaA
gM+Iik lH;rk osQ lanHkZ esa bu fof'k"V iqjkoLrqvksa esa eqgjsa] euosQ] ckV] iRFkj osQ iQyd
(fp=k 1.2) vkSj idh gqbZ b±Vsa lfEefyr gSaA ;s oLrq,¡ vI
+
kQxkfuLrku] tEew] cywfpLrku
(ikfdLrku) rFkk xqtjkr tSls {ks=kksa ls feyh gSa tks ,d nwljs ls yach nwjh ij fLFkr gSa
(ekufp=k 1)A
bl lH;rk dk ukedj.k] gM+Iik uked LFkku] tgk¡ ;g laLÑfr igyh ckj [kksth xbZ Fkh
(i`"B 6)] osQ uke ij fd;k x;k gSA bldk dky fuèkkZj.k yxHkx 2600 vkSj 1900 bZlk
iwoZ osQ chp fd;k x;k gSA bl {ks=k esa bl lH;rk ls igys vkSj ckn esa Hkh laLÑfr;k¡ vfLrRo
esa Fkha ftUgsa Øe'k% vkjafHkd rFkk ijorhZ gM+Iik dgk tkrk gSA bu laLÑfr;ksa ls gM+Iik lH;rk
dks vyx djus osQ fy, dHkh&dHkh bls fodflr gM+Iik laLÑfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fp=k 1.1
,d gM+IikbZ eqgj
fp=k 1.2
euosQ] ckV rFkk iQyd
fo"k;
,d
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
2 2 2 2 2
ekufp=k 1
oqQN egRoiw.kZ
fodflr gM+Iik iqjkLFky
js[kkfp=k
iSekuk ugha fn;k x;k gSA
ekaMk
gM+Iik
cukoyh
jk[khx<+h
ferkFky
xaosjhokyk
dksVnhth
pUgqnM+ks vkejh
ckykdksV
eksgutksnM+ks
lqRdkxsaMksj
èkkSykohjk
yksFky
ukxs'oj
jaxiqj
dkyhcaxu
>sye
psukc
jkoh
¯lèk
;equk
xaxk
pacy
lkcjerh
vjc lkxj
ekgh
ueZnk
lryt
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. vkjaHk
bl {ks=k esa fodflr gM+Iik ls igys Hkh dbZ laLÑfr;k¡ vfLrRo esa
FkhaA ;s laLÑfr;k¡ viuh fof'k"V e`nHkk.M 'kSyh ls lac¼ Fkha rFkk
buosQ lanHkZ esa gesa Ñf"k] i'kqikyu rFkk oqQN f'kYidkjh osQ lk{; Hkh
feyrs gSaA cfLr;k¡ vkerkSj ij NksVh gksrh Fkha vkSj buesa cM+s vkdkj dh
lajpuk,¡ yxHkx u osQ cjkcj FkhaA oqQN LFkyksa ij cM+s iSekus ij
bykdksa esa tyk, tkus osQ laosQrksa ls rFkk oqQN vU; LFkyksa osQ R;kx
fn, tkus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vkjafHkd gM+Iik rFkk gM+Iik
lH;rk osQ chp Øe&Hkax FkkA
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. fuokZg osQ rjhosQ
vkius ekufp=kksa (1 rFkk 2) esa ns[kk gksxk fd fodflr gM+Iik laLÑfr
oqQN ,sls LFkkuksa ij iuih tgk¡ igys vkjafHkd gM+Iik laLÑfr;k¡
vfLrRo esa FkhaA bu laLÑfr;ksa esa dbZ rRo ftuesa fuokZg osQ rjhosQ
'kkfey gSa] leku FksA gM+Iik lH;rk osQ fuoklh dbZ izdkj osQ isM+&ikSèkksa
ls izkIr mRikn vkSj tkuojksa ftuesa eNyh Hkh 'kkfey gS] ls izkIr Hkkstu
djrs FksA tys vukt osQ nkuksa rFkk chtksa dh [kkst ls iqjkrRofon vkgkj
lacaèkh vknrksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djus esa liQy gks ik, gSaA
budk vè;;u iqjk&ouLifrK djrs gSa tks izkphu ouLifr osQ vè;;u
vkjafHkd rFkk fodflr
gM+Iik laLÑfr;k¡
¯lèk vkSj pksfyLrku (Fkkj jsfxLrku ls
yxk gqvk ikfdLrku dk jsfxLrkuh {ks=k) esa
cfLr;ksa dh la[;k osQ lacaèk esa ;s vk¡dM+s
nsf[k,A
¯lèk pksfyLrku
cfLr;ksa dh oqQy 106 239
la[;k
vkjafHkd gM+Iik 52 37
LFky
fodflr gM+Iik 65 136
LFky
u, LFkyksa ij 43 132
fodflr gM+Iik
cfLr;k¡
R;kx fn, x, 29 33
vkjafHkd gM+Iik LFky
vaxzs”kh esa ch-lh- (¯gnh esa bZ-iw-)
dk rkRi;Z ^fciQksj ØkbLV* (bZlk
iwoZ) ls gSA dHkh&dHkh vki
frfFk;ksa ls igys ,-Mh- (¯gnh esa bZ-)
fy[kk ikrs gSaA ;g ^,uks MkWfeuh*
uked nks ySfVu 'kCnksa ls cuk gS
rFkk bldk rkRi;Z bZlk elhg osQ
tUe osQ o"kZ ls gSA vktdy ,-
Mh- dh txg lh-bZ- rFkk ch-lh-
dh txg ch-lh-bZ- dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA lh-bZ- v{kjksa dk iz;ksx
^dkWeu ,jk* rFkk ch-lh-bZ- dk
^fcI
+
kQksj dkWeu ,jk* osQ fy,
gksrk gSA ge bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx
blfy, djrs gSa D;ksafd fo'o osQ
vfèkdka'k ns'kksa esa vc ^dkWeu
,jk* dk iz;ksx lkekU; gks x;k
gSA dHkh&dHkh vaxzs”kh osQ ch-ih-
v{kjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ftldk
rkRi;Z ^fcI
+
kQksj izstsaV* gSA bl
iqLrd esa geus ch-lh-bZ- osQ fy,
bZ-iw-] lh-bZ- osQ fy, bZ- rFkk ch-
ih- osQ fy, orZeku ls igys
'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
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FAQs on NCERT Textbook - ईंटें, मनके तथा अस्थिया - इतिहास (History) for UPSC CSE in Hindi

1. What are the different types of bricks used in construction?
Ans. The different types of bricks used in construction are: 1. First-class bricks: These are made of good quality clay and are well burnt. They are uniform in shape and size, have sharp edges, and produce a clear metallic sound when struck against each other. 2. Second-class bricks: These are made of inferior quality clay and are not well burnt. They may have irregular shapes and sizes and may produce a dull sound when struck against each other. 3. Third-class bricks: These are made of poor quality clay and are not well burnt. They may be over-burnt and have a dark color. They may have cracks or other defects. 4. Fire bricks: These are made of refractory clay and are used in the lining of furnaces, fireplaces, and chimneys. 5. Special bricks: These include perforated bricks, hollow bricks, and paving bricks, and are used for specific purposes.
2. What are the advantages of using cement in construction?
Ans. The advantages of using cement in construction are: 1. High strength: Cement has high compressive strength, which makes it ideal for construction purposes. 2. Durability: Cement is highly durable and can withstand extreme weather conditions. 3. Versatility: Cement can be used for a variety of purposes, including construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. 4. Easy availability: Cement is readily available in the market and can be easily transported to the construction site. 5. Cost-effective: Cement is a cost-effective construction material as it offers high strength and durability at a relatively low cost.
3. What is the difference between reinforced and unreinforced concrete?
Ans. The difference between reinforced and unreinforced concrete is: 1. Reinforced concrete: Reinforced concrete is a type of concrete that contains steel reinforcement bars or mesh. This reinforcement helps to increase the strength and durability of the concrete, making it suitable for use in construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures. 2. Unreinforced concrete: Unreinforced concrete is a type of concrete that does not contain any steel reinforcement. It is used in applications where strength and durability are not critical, such as for paving and landscaping.
4. What are the different types of stones used in construction?
Ans. The different types of stones used in construction are: 1. Granite: Granite is a hard, durable stone that is often used for building monuments, bridges, and other structures. 2. Sandstone: Sandstone is a sedimentary rock that is used for building facades, walls, and other structures. 3. Limestone: Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is often used for building facades and flooring. 4. Marble: Marble is a metamorphic rock that is used for building facades, flooring, and sculptures. 5. Slate: Slate is a metamorphic rock that is used for roofing, flooring, and paving.
5. What are the advantages of using bricks in construction?
Ans. The advantages of using bricks in construction are: 1. High durability: Bricks are highly durable and can withstand extreme weather conditions. 2. Low maintenance: Bricks require very little maintenance and can last for many years without needing repairs. 3. Versatility: Bricks come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, making them suitable for a variety of construction purposes. 4. Fire-resistant: Bricks are fire-resistant, which makes them ideal for use in building fireplaces, chimneys, and other structures that are exposed to high temperatures. 5. Environmentally friendly: Bricks are made from natural materials and are environmentally friendly, as they do not produce any harmful pollutants or chemicals.
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