NCERT Textbook - Politics of Planned Development | Polity and Constitution (Prelims) by IAS Masters - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


 
In this chapter…
In the last two chapters we have studied how the leaders of independent 
India responded to the challenges of nation-building and establishing 
democracy. Let us now turn to the third challenge, that of economic 
development to ensure well-being of all. As in the case of the first two 
challenges, our leaders chose a path that was different and difficult. In 
this case their success was much more limited, for this challenge was 
tougher and more enduring.
In this chapter, we study the story of political choices involved in some 
of the key questions of economic development. 
•	 What 	were	 the	key	choices 	and	 debates 	about	 development?
•	 Which 	 strategy	was 	 adopted 	by	 our 	leaders	in	the 	first	two		 	 	
	 decades? 	 And	why?
•	 What 	were	 the	main	achievements 	and 	limitations 	of	this 	strategy?
•	 Why 	was 	this	 development 	strategy 	abandoned 	 in	later	years?
Stamps like these, 
issued mostly between 
1955 and 1968, 
depicted a vision of 
planned development. 
Left to right, top to 
bottom: Damodar 
Valley, Bhakra 
Dam, Chittaranjan 
Locomotives, Gauhati 
Refinery, Tractor, Sindri 
Fertilisers, Bhakra Dam, 
Electric Train, Wheat 
Revolution, Hirakud 
Dam, Hindustan Aircraft 
Factory 
chap 3_PF.indd   44 8/5/2022   12:07:36 PM
2024-25
Page 2


 
In this chapter…
In the last two chapters we have studied how the leaders of independent 
India responded to the challenges of nation-building and establishing 
democracy. Let us now turn to the third challenge, that of economic 
development to ensure well-being of all. As in the case of the first two 
challenges, our leaders chose a path that was different and difficult. In 
this case their success was much more limited, for this challenge was 
tougher and more enduring.
In this chapter, we study the story of political choices involved in some 
of the key questions of economic development. 
•	 What 	were	 the	key	choices 	and	 debates 	about	 development?
•	 Which 	 strategy	was 	 adopted 	by	 our 	leaders	in	the 	first	two		 	 	
	 decades? 	 And	why?
•	 What 	were	 the	main	achievements 	and 	limitations 	of	this 	strategy?
•	 Why 	was 	this	 development 	strategy 	abandoned 	 in	later	years?
Stamps like these, 
issued mostly between 
1955 and 1968, 
depicted a vision of 
planned development. 
Left to right, top to 
bottom: Damodar 
Valley, Bhakra 
Dam, Chittaranjan 
Locomotives, Gauhati 
Refinery, Tractor, Sindri 
Fertilisers, Bhakra Dam, 
Electric Train, Wheat 
Revolution, Hirakud 
Dam, Hindustan Aircraft 
Factory 
chap 3_PF.indd   44 8/5/2022   12:07:36 PM
2024-25
As the global demand for steel increases, Orissa, which has one of 
the largest reserves of untapped iron ore in the country, is being 
seen as an important investment destination. The State government 
hopes to cash in on this unprecedented demand for iron ore and 
has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with both 
international and domestic steel makers. The government believes 
that this would bring in necessary capital investment and proivde a 
lot of employment opportunities. The iron ore resources lie in some 
of the most underdeveloped and predominantly tribal districts of the 
state. The tribal population fears that the setting up of industries 
would mean displacement from their home and livelihood. The 
environmentalists fear that mining and industry would 
pollute the environment. The central government feels 
that if the industry is not allowed it would set a bad 
example and discourage investments in the country.
Can you identify the various interests involved in this 
case? What are their key points of conflict? Do you think 
there are any common points on which everyone can 
agree? Can this issue be resolved in a way which satisfies 
all the various interests? As you ask these questions, you 
would find yourself facing yet bigger questions. What 
kind of development does Orissa need? Indeed, whose 
need can be called Orissa’s need? 
Political contestation
These questions cannot be answered by an expert. 
Decisions of this kind involve weighing the interests of 
one social group against another, present generation 
against future generations. In a democracy such major 
decisions should be taken or at least approved by the 
people themselves.  It is important to take advice from 
experts on mining, from environmentalists and from 
economists. Yet the final decision must be a political 
decision, taken by people’s representatives who are in 
touch with the feelings of the people. 
After Independence our country had to make a series 
of major decisions like this. Each of these decisions could 
not be made independent of other such decisions. All 
these decisions were bound together by a shared vision or 
model of economic development. Almost everyone agreed 
Orissa villagers protest 
against POSCO plant 
Staff Reporter 
BHUBANESWAR: People facing 
displacement by the proposed 
POSCO-India steel plant in 
Jagatsinghpur district staged 
a demonstration outside the 
Korean company’s office here on 
Thursday. They were demanding 
cancellation of the memorandum of 
understanding signed between the 
company and the Orissa government 
one year ago. 
More than 100 men and women 
from the gram panchayats of 
Dhinkia, Nuagaon and Gadakujanga 
tried to enter the office premises 
but the police prevented them. 
Raising slogans, the protesters 
said the company should not be 
allowed to set up its plant at the cost 
of their lives and livelihood. The 
demonstration was organised by the 
Rashtriya Yuva Sangathan and the 
Nabanirman Samiti. 
The Hindu, 23 June 2006
3
chapter
pOLItIcS OF pLaNNeD 
DeVeLOpMeNt
chap 3_PF.indd   45 8/5/2022   12:07:39 PM
2024-25
Page 3


 
In this chapter…
In the last two chapters we have studied how the leaders of independent 
India responded to the challenges of nation-building and establishing 
democracy. Let us now turn to the third challenge, that of economic 
development to ensure well-being of all. As in the case of the first two 
challenges, our leaders chose a path that was different and difficult. In 
this case their success was much more limited, for this challenge was 
tougher and more enduring.
In this chapter, we study the story of political choices involved in some 
of the key questions of economic development. 
•	 What 	were	 the	key	choices 	and	 debates 	about	 development?
•	 Which 	 strategy	was 	 adopted 	by	 our 	leaders	in	the 	first	two		 	 	
	 decades? 	 And	why?
•	 What 	were	 the	main	achievements 	and 	limitations 	of	this 	strategy?
•	 Why 	was 	this	 development 	strategy 	abandoned 	 in	later	years?
Stamps like these, 
issued mostly between 
1955 and 1968, 
depicted a vision of 
planned development. 
Left to right, top to 
bottom: Damodar 
Valley, Bhakra 
Dam, Chittaranjan 
Locomotives, Gauhati 
Refinery, Tractor, Sindri 
Fertilisers, Bhakra Dam, 
Electric Train, Wheat 
Revolution, Hirakud 
Dam, Hindustan Aircraft 
Factory 
chap 3_PF.indd   44 8/5/2022   12:07:36 PM
2024-25
As the global demand for steel increases, Orissa, which has one of 
the largest reserves of untapped iron ore in the country, is being 
seen as an important investment destination. The State government 
hopes to cash in on this unprecedented demand for iron ore and 
has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with both 
international and domestic steel makers. The government believes 
that this would bring in necessary capital investment and proivde a 
lot of employment opportunities. The iron ore resources lie in some 
of the most underdeveloped and predominantly tribal districts of the 
state. The tribal population fears that the setting up of industries 
would mean displacement from their home and livelihood. The 
environmentalists fear that mining and industry would 
pollute the environment. The central government feels 
that if the industry is not allowed it would set a bad 
example and discourage investments in the country.
Can you identify the various interests involved in this 
case? What are their key points of conflict? Do you think 
there are any common points on which everyone can 
agree? Can this issue be resolved in a way which satisfies 
all the various interests? As you ask these questions, you 
would find yourself facing yet bigger questions. What 
kind of development does Orissa need? Indeed, whose 
need can be called Orissa’s need? 
Political contestation
These questions cannot be answered by an expert. 
Decisions of this kind involve weighing the interests of 
one social group against another, present generation 
against future generations. In a democracy such major 
decisions should be taken or at least approved by the 
people themselves.  It is important to take advice from 
experts on mining, from environmentalists and from 
economists. Yet the final decision must be a political 
decision, taken by people’s representatives who are in 
touch with the feelings of the people. 
After Independence our country had to make a series 
of major decisions like this. Each of these decisions could 
not be made independent of other such decisions. All 
these decisions were bound together by a shared vision or 
model of economic development. Almost everyone agreed 
Orissa villagers protest 
against POSCO plant 
Staff Reporter 
BHUBANESWAR: People facing 
displacement by the proposed 
POSCO-India steel plant in 
Jagatsinghpur district staged 
a demonstration outside the 
Korean company’s office here on 
Thursday. They were demanding 
cancellation of the memorandum of 
understanding signed between the 
company and the Orissa government 
one year ago. 
More than 100 men and women 
from the gram panchayats of 
Dhinkia, Nuagaon and Gadakujanga 
tried to enter the office premises 
but the police prevented them. 
Raising slogans, the protesters 
said the company should not be 
allowed to set up its plant at the cost 
of their lives and livelihood. The 
demonstration was organised by the 
Rashtriya Yuva Sangathan and the 
Nabanirman Samiti. 
The Hindu, 23 June 2006
3
chapter
pOLItIcS OF pLaNNeD 
DeVeLOpMeNt
chap 3_PF.indd   45 8/5/2022   12:07:39 PM
2024-25
46                                                                   Politics in India since Independence
that the development of India should 
mean both economic growth and 
social and economic justice. It was 
also agreed that this matter cannot 
be left to businessmen, industrialists 
and farmers themselves, that the 
government should play a key role 
in this. There was disagreement, 
however, on the kind of role that the 
government must play in ensuring 
growth with justice. Was it necessary 
to have a centralised institution to 
plan for the entire country? Should 
the government itself run some key 
industries and business? How much 
importance was to be attached to the 
needs of justice if it differed from the 
requirements of economic growth? 
Each of these questions involved 
contestation which has continued 
ever since. Each of the decision 
had political consequence. Most of these issues involved political 
judgement and required consultations among political parties and 
approval of the public. That is why we need to study the process of 
development as a part of the history of politics in India.    
Ideas of development
Very often this contestation involves the very idea of development. The 
example of Orissa shows us that it is not enough to say that everyone 
wants development. For ‘development’ has different meanings for 
different sections of the people. Development would mean different 
things for example, to an industrialist who is planning to set up a 
steel plant, to an urban consumer of steel and to the Adivasi who 
lives in that region.  Thus any discussion on development is bound to 
generate contradictions, conflicts and debates. 
The first decade after Independence witnessed a lot of debate 
around this question. It was common then, as it is even now, for people 
to refer to the ‘West’  as the standard for measuring development. 
‘Development’ was about becoming more ‘modern’ and modern was 
about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West. This 
is how common people as well as the experts thought.  It was believed 
that every country would go through the process of modernisation 
as in the West, which involved the breakdown of traditional social 
structures and the rise of capitalism and liberalism. Modernisation 
was also associated with the ideas of growth, material progress 
and scientific rationality.  This kind of idea of development allowed 
What is Left and what is Right?
In the politics of most countries, you will always 
come across references to parties and groups  
with a l eft or r ight  ideology or leaning. These terms 
characterise the position of the concerned groups or 
parties regarding social change and role of the state 
in effecting economic redistribution. l eft often refers to 
those who are in favour of state control of the economy 
and prefers state regulation over free competition. The 
r ight refers to those who believe that free competition 
and market economy alone ensure progress and that 
the government should not unnecessarily intervene in 
the economy. 
Can you tell which of the parties in the 1960s were 
r ightist and which were the l eft parties? Where 
would you place the Congress party of that time? 
chap 3_PF.indd   46 15-03-2024   14:48:25
2024-25
Page 4


 
In this chapter…
In the last two chapters we have studied how the leaders of independent 
India responded to the challenges of nation-building and establishing 
democracy. Let us now turn to the third challenge, that of economic 
development to ensure well-being of all. As in the case of the first two 
challenges, our leaders chose a path that was different and difficult. In 
this case their success was much more limited, for this challenge was 
tougher and more enduring.
In this chapter, we study the story of political choices involved in some 
of the key questions of economic development. 
•	 What 	were	 the	key	choices 	and	 debates 	about	 development?
•	 Which 	 strategy	was 	 adopted 	by	 our 	leaders	in	the 	first	two		 	 	
	 decades? 	 And	why?
•	 What 	were	 the	main	achievements 	and 	limitations 	of	this 	strategy?
•	 Why 	was 	this	 development 	strategy 	abandoned 	 in	later	years?
Stamps like these, 
issued mostly between 
1955 and 1968, 
depicted a vision of 
planned development. 
Left to right, top to 
bottom: Damodar 
Valley, Bhakra 
Dam, Chittaranjan 
Locomotives, Gauhati 
Refinery, Tractor, Sindri 
Fertilisers, Bhakra Dam, 
Electric Train, Wheat 
Revolution, Hirakud 
Dam, Hindustan Aircraft 
Factory 
chap 3_PF.indd   44 8/5/2022   12:07:36 PM
2024-25
As the global demand for steel increases, Orissa, which has one of 
the largest reserves of untapped iron ore in the country, is being 
seen as an important investment destination. The State government 
hopes to cash in on this unprecedented demand for iron ore and 
has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with both 
international and domestic steel makers. The government believes 
that this would bring in necessary capital investment and proivde a 
lot of employment opportunities. The iron ore resources lie in some 
of the most underdeveloped and predominantly tribal districts of the 
state. The tribal population fears that the setting up of industries 
would mean displacement from their home and livelihood. The 
environmentalists fear that mining and industry would 
pollute the environment. The central government feels 
that if the industry is not allowed it would set a bad 
example and discourage investments in the country.
Can you identify the various interests involved in this 
case? What are their key points of conflict? Do you think 
there are any common points on which everyone can 
agree? Can this issue be resolved in a way which satisfies 
all the various interests? As you ask these questions, you 
would find yourself facing yet bigger questions. What 
kind of development does Orissa need? Indeed, whose 
need can be called Orissa’s need? 
Political contestation
These questions cannot be answered by an expert. 
Decisions of this kind involve weighing the interests of 
one social group against another, present generation 
against future generations. In a democracy such major 
decisions should be taken or at least approved by the 
people themselves.  It is important to take advice from 
experts on mining, from environmentalists and from 
economists. Yet the final decision must be a political 
decision, taken by people’s representatives who are in 
touch with the feelings of the people. 
After Independence our country had to make a series 
of major decisions like this. Each of these decisions could 
not be made independent of other such decisions. All 
these decisions were bound together by a shared vision or 
model of economic development. Almost everyone agreed 
Orissa villagers protest 
against POSCO plant 
Staff Reporter 
BHUBANESWAR: People facing 
displacement by the proposed 
POSCO-India steel plant in 
Jagatsinghpur district staged 
a demonstration outside the 
Korean company’s office here on 
Thursday. They were demanding 
cancellation of the memorandum of 
understanding signed between the 
company and the Orissa government 
one year ago. 
More than 100 men and women 
from the gram panchayats of 
Dhinkia, Nuagaon and Gadakujanga 
tried to enter the office premises 
but the police prevented them. 
Raising slogans, the protesters 
said the company should not be 
allowed to set up its plant at the cost 
of their lives and livelihood. The 
demonstration was organised by the 
Rashtriya Yuva Sangathan and the 
Nabanirman Samiti. 
The Hindu, 23 June 2006
3
chapter
pOLItIcS OF pLaNNeD 
DeVeLOpMeNt
chap 3_PF.indd   45 8/5/2022   12:07:39 PM
2024-25
46                                                                   Politics in India since Independence
that the development of India should 
mean both economic growth and 
social and economic justice. It was 
also agreed that this matter cannot 
be left to businessmen, industrialists 
and farmers themselves, that the 
government should play a key role 
in this. There was disagreement, 
however, on the kind of role that the 
government must play in ensuring 
growth with justice. Was it necessary 
to have a centralised institution to 
plan for the entire country? Should 
the government itself run some key 
industries and business? How much 
importance was to be attached to the 
needs of justice if it differed from the 
requirements of economic growth? 
Each of these questions involved 
contestation which has continued 
ever since. Each of the decision 
had political consequence. Most of these issues involved political 
judgement and required consultations among political parties and 
approval of the public. That is why we need to study the process of 
development as a part of the history of politics in India.    
Ideas of development
Very often this contestation involves the very idea of development. The 
example of Orissa shows us that it is not enough to say that everyone 
wants development. For ‘development’ has different meanings for 
different sections of the people. Development would mean different 
things for example, to an industrialist who is planning to set up a 
steel plant, to an urban consumer of steel and to the Adivasi who 
lives in that region.  Thus any discussion on development is bound to 
generate contradictions, conflicts and debates. 
The first decade after Independence witnessed a lot of debate 
around this question. It was common then, as it is even now, for people 
to refer to the ‘West’  as the standard for measuring development. 
‘Development’ was about becoming more ‘modern’ and modern was 
about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West. This 
is how common people as well as the experts thought.  It was believed 
that every country would go through the process of modernisation 
as in the West, which involved the breakdown of traditional social 
structures and the rise of capitalism and liberalism. Modernisation 
was also associated with the ideas of growth, material progress 
and scientific rationality.  This kind of idea of development allowed 
What is Left and what is Right?
In the politics of most countries, you will always 
come across references to parties and groups  
with a l eft or r ight  ideology or leaning. These terms 
characterise the position of the concerned groups or 
parties regarding social change and role of the state 
in effecting economic redistribution. l eft often refers to 
those who are in favour of state control of the economy 
and prefers state regulation over free competition. The 
r ight refers to those who believe that free competition 
and market economy alone ensure progress and that 
the government should not unnecessarily intervene in 
the economy. 
Can you tell which of the parties in the 1960s were 
r ightist and which were the l eft parties? Where 
would you place the Congress party of that time? 
chap 3_PF.indd   46 15-03-2024   14:48:25
2024-25
Politics of Planned Development                                                                           47  
everyone to talk about different countries as developed, developing or 
underdeveloped. 
On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models 
of modern development: the liberal-capitalist model as in much of 
Europe and the US and the socialist model as in the USSR. You have 
already studied these two ideologies and read about the ‘cold war’ 
between the two super powers. There were many in India then who 
were deeply impressed by the Soviet model of development. These 
included not just the leaders of the Communist Party of India, but 
also those of the Socialist Party and leaders like Nehru within the 
Congress. There were very few supporters of the American style 
capitalist development. 
This reflected a broad consensus that had developed during 
the national movement.  The nationalist leaders were clear that the 
economic concerns of the government of free India would  have to 
be different from the narrowly defined commercial functions of the 
colonial government. It was clear, moreover, that the task of poverty 
alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen 
primarily as the responsibility of the government.    There were debates 
among them. For some, industrialisation seemed to be the preferred 
path.  For others, the development of agriculture and in particular 
alleviation of rural poverty was the priority. 
Planning
Despite the various differences, there was a consensus on one point: 
that development could not be left to private actors, that there was the 
need for the government to develop a design or plan for development. 
Are you saying 
we don’t have 
to be western 
in order to be 
modern? Is that 
possible?
Credit: Hindustan Times
Nehru 
addressing 
the staff of 
the Planning 
Commission
chap 3_PF.indd   47 8/5/2022   12:07:39 PM
2024-25
Page 5


 
In this chapter…
In the last two chapters we have studied how the leaders of independent 
India responded to the challenges of nation-building and establishing 
democracy. Let us now turn to the third challenge, that of economic 
development to ensure well-being of all. As in the case of the first two 
challenges, our leaders chose a path that was different and difficult. In 
this case their success was much more limited, for this challenge was 
tougher and more enduring.
In this chapter, we study the story of political choices involved in some 
of the key questions of economic development. 
•	 What 	were	 the	key	choices 	and	 debates 	about	 development?
•	 Which 	 strategy	was 	 adopted 	by	 our 	leaders	in	the 	first	two		 	 	
	 decades? 	 And	why?
•	 What 	were	 the	main	achievements 	and 	limitations 	of	this 	strategy?
•	 Why 	was 	this	 development 	strategy 	abandoned 	 in	later	years?
Stamps like these, 
issued mostly between 
1955 and 1968, 
depicted a vision of 
planned development. 
Left to right, top to 
bottom: Damodar 
Valley, Bhakra 
Dam, Chittaranjan 
Locomotives, Gauhati 
Refinery, Tractor, Sindri 
Fertilisers, Bhakra Dam, 
Electric Train, Wheat 
Revolution, Hirakud 
Dam, Hindustan Aircraft 
Factory 
chap 3_PF.indd   44 8/5/2022   12:07:36 PM
2024-25
As the global demand for steel increases, Orissa, which has one of 
the largest reserves of untapped iron ore in the country, is being 
seen as an important investment destination. The State government 
hopes to cash in on this unprecedented demand for iron ore and 
has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with both 
international and domestic steel makers. The government believes 
that this would bring in necessary capital investment and proivde a 
lot of employment opportunities. The iron ore resources lie in some 
of the most underdeveloped and predominantly tribal districts of the 
state. The tribal population fears that the setting up of industries 
would mean displacement from their home and livelihood. The 
environmentalists fear that mining and industry would 
pollute the environment. The central government feels 
that if the industry is not allowed it would set a bad 
example and discourage investments in the country.
Can you identify the various interests involved in this 
case? What are their key points of conflict? Do you think 
there are any common points on which everyone can 
agree? Can this issue be resolved in a way which satisfies 
all the various interests? As you ask these questions, you 
would find yourself facing yet bigger questions. What 
kind of development does Orissa need? Indeed, whose 
need can be called Orissa’s need? 
Political contestation
These questions cannot be answered by an expert. 
Decisions of this kind involve weighing the interests of 
one social group against another, present generation 
against future generations. In a democracy such major 
decisions should be taken or at least approved by the 
people themselves.  It is important to take advice from 
experts on mining, from environmentalists and from 
economists. Yet the final decision must be a political 
decision, taken by people’s representatives who are in 
touch with the feelings of the people. 
After Independence our country had to make a series 
of major decisions like this. Each of these decisions could 
not be made independent of other such decisions. All 
these decisions were bound together by a shared vision or 
model of economic development. Almost everyone agreed 
Orissa villagers protest 
against POSCO plant 
Staff Reporter 
BHUBANESWAR: People facing 
displacement by the proposed 
POSCO-India steel plant in 
Jagatsinghpur district staged 
a demonstration outside the 
Korean company’s office here on 
Thursday. They were demanding 
cancellation of the memorandum of 
understanding signed between the 
company and the Orissa government 
one year ago. 
More than 100 men and women 
from the gram panchayats of 
Dhinkia, Nuagaon and Gadakujanga 
tried to enter the office premises 
but the police prevented them. 
Raising slogans, the protesters 
said the company should not be 
allowed to set up its plant at the cost 
of their lives and livelihood. The 
demonstration was organised by the 
Rashtriya Yuva Sangathan and the 
Nabanirman Samiti. 
The Hindu, 23 June 2006
3
chapter
pOLItIcS OF pLaNNeD 
DeVeLOpMeNt
chap 3_PF.indd   45 8/5/2022   12:07:39 PM
2024-25
46                                                                   Politics in India since Independence
that the development of India should 
mean both economic growth and 
social and economic justice. It was 
also agreed that this matter cannot 
be left to businessmen, industrialists 
and farmers themselves, that the 
government should play a key role 
in this. There was disagreement, 
however, on the kind of role that the 
government must play in ensuring 
growth with justice. Was it necessary 
to have a centralised institution to 
plan for the entire country? Should 
the government itself run some key 
industries and business? How much 
importance was to be attached to the 
needs of justice if it differed from the 
requirements of economic growth? 
Each of these questions involved 
contestation which has continued 
ever since. Each of the decision 
had political consequence. Most of these issues involved political 
judgement and required consultations among political parties and 
approval of the public. That is why we need to study the process of 
development as a part of the history of politics in India.    
Ideas of development
Very often this contestation involves the very idea of development. The 
example of Orissa shows us that it is not enough to say that everyone 
wants development. For ‘development’ has different meanings for 
different sections of the people. Development would mean different 
things for example, to an industrialist who is planning to set up a 
steel plant, to an urban consumer of steel and to the Adivasi who 
lives in that region.  Thus any discussion on development is bound to 
generate contradictions, conflicts and debates. 
The first decade after Independence witnessed a lot of debate 
around this question. It was common then, as it is even now, for people 
to refer to the ‘West’  as the standard for measuring development. 
‘Development’ was about becoming more ‘modern’ and modern was 
about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West. This 
is how common people as well as the experts thought.  It was believed 
that every country would go through the process of modernisation 
as in the West, which involved the breakdown of traditional social 
structures and the rise of capitalism and liberalism. Modernisation 
was also associated with the ideas of growth, material progress 
and scientific rationality.  This kind of idea of development allowed 
What is Left and what is Right?
In the politics of most countries, you will always 
come across references to parties and groups  
with a l eft or r ight  ideology or leaning. These terms 
characterise the position of the concerned groups or 
parties regarding social change and role of the state 
in effecting economic redistribution. l eft often refers to 
those who are in favour of state control of the economy 
and prefers state regulation over free competition. The 
r ight refers to those who believe that free competition 
and market economy alone ensure progress and that 
the government should not unnecessarily intervene in 
the economy. 
Can you tell which of the parties in the 1960s were 
r ightist and which were the l eft parties? Where 
would you place the Congress party of that time? 
chap 3_PF.indd   46 15-03-2024   14:48:25
2024-25
Politics of Planned Development                                                                           47  
everyone to talk about different countries as developed, developing or 
underdeveloped. 
On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models 
of modern development: the liberal-capitalist model as in much of 
Europe and the US and the socialist model as in the USSR. You have 
already studied these two ideologies and read about the ‘cold war’ 
between the two super powers. There were many in India then who 
were deeply impressed by the Soviet model of development. These 
included not just the leaders of the Communist Party of India, but 
also those of the Socialist Party and leaders like Nehru within the 
Congress. There were very few supporters of the American style 
capitalist development. 
This reflected a broad consensus that had developed during 
the national movement.  The nationalist leaders were clear that the 
economic concerns of the government of free India would  have to 
be different from the narrowly defined commercial functions of the 
colonial government. It was clear, moreover, that the task of poverty 
alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen 
primarily as the responsibility of the government.    There were debates 
among them. For some, industrialisation seemed to be the preferred 
path.  For others, the development of agriculture and in particular 
alleviation of rural poverty was the priority. 
Planning
Despite the various differences, there was a consensus on one point: 
that development could not be left to private actors, that there was the 
need for the government to develop a design or plan for development. 
Are you saying 
we don’t have 
to be western 
in order to be 
modern? Is that 
possible?
Credit: Hindustan Times
Nehru 
addressing 
the staff of 
the Planning 
Commission
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48                                                                   Politics in India since Independence
Planning Commission
Do you recall any reference to the Planning Commission in your book 
Constitution at Work 	 last 	 year?	 Actually	 there	 was	 none, 	 for 	 the	 Planning	
Commission is not one of the many commissions and other bodies set up by 
the Constitution. The Planning Commission was set up in March, 1950 by a 
simple resolution of the Government of India. It has an advisory role and its 
recommendations become effective only when the Union Cabinet approved 
these. The resolution which set up the Commission defined the scope of its 
work in the following terms :
“The Constitution of India has guaranteed certain Fundamental Rights to the 
citizens of India and enunciated certain Directive Principles of State Policy, 
in particular, that the State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people 
by securing and protecting….a social order in which justice, social, economic 
and political, shall ……..  …. direct its policy towards securing, among other 
things,
(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an    
 adequate means of livelihood ; 
(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the    
 community  are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;   
 and 
(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in 
the  concentration of wealth and means of production to the common 
detriment.
I wonder if the Planning 
Commission has 
actually followed these 
objectives in practice.
Credit:Ninan 
The Government of India 
replaced the Planning 
Commission with a new 
institution named NITI 
Aayog (National Institution 
for Transforming India). 
This came into existence 
on 1 January 2015. Find 
out about its objectives 
and composition from the 
website, http://niti.gov.in
Fast Forward   
Niti Aayog
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