NCERT Textbook - वैधुत आवेश तथा क्षेत्र | सामान्य विज्ञानं (General Science) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


1.1  Hkwfedk
ge lHkh dks] fo'ks"kdj 'kq"d ekSle esa] LosVj vFkok laf'y"V oL=kksa dks 'kjhj ls mrkjrs le;
pV&pV dh èofu lquus vFkok fpuxkfj;k¡ ns[kus dk vuqHko gksxkA efgykvkssa osQ oL=kksa tSls
ikWfy,LVj lkM+h osQ lkFk rks ,slh ?kVuk gksuk izk;% vfuok;Z gksrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh bl ifj?kVuk
dk Li"Vhdj.k [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gS\ fo|qr foltZu dk ,d vU; lkekU; mnkgj.k vkdk'k
esa xtZu osQ le; rfM+r fn[kkbZ nsuk gSA fo|qr >VosQ osQ laosnu dk vuqHko gesa ml le; Hkh
gksrk gS tc ge fdlh dkj dk njokT
+
kk [kksyrs gSa vFkok tc ge viuh cl dh lhV ij f[kldus
osQ i'pkr mlesa yxh yksgs dh NM+ dks idM+rs gSaaA bu vuqHkoksa osQ gksus osQ dkj.k gekjs 'kjhj
esa ls gksdj mu oS|qr vkos'kksa dk fol£tr gksuk gS tks fo|qrjks/h i`"Bksa ij jxM+ osQ dkj.k ,d=k
gks tkrs gSaA vkius ;g Hkh lquk gksxk fd ;g oS|qr vkos'k (fLFkjoS|qr) osQ mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k
gSA bl vè;k; rFkk vxys vè;k; esa Hkh ge blh fo"k; ij ppkZ djsaxsA fLFkj ls rkRi;Z gS og
lc oqQN tks le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr vFkok xfre; ugha gksrkA fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ varxZr ge fLFkj
vkos'kksa }kjk mRiUu cyksa] {ks=kksa rFkk foHkoksa osQ fo"k; esa vè;;u djrs gSaA
1.2  oS|qr vkos'k
bfrgkl osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 600 bZ- iwoZ gqbZ bl rF; dh [kkst dk Js;] fd Åu vFkok
js'keh&oL=k ls jxM+k x;k ,sEcj gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr djrk gS] xzhl ns'k osQ feysVl osQ
fuoklh FksYl dks tkrk gSA ^bysfDVªflVh* 'kCn Hkh xzhl dh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn bysDVªkWu ls O;qRiUu
gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ ,sEcj gSA ml le; inkFkks± osQ ,sls cgqr ls ;qxy Kkr Fks tks ijLij jxM+s
vè;k; 1
oS|qr vkos'k
rFkk {ks=k
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1.1  Hkwfedk
ge lHkh dks] fo'ks"kdj 'kq"d ekSle esa] LosVj vFkok laf'y"V oL=kksa dks 'kjhj ls mrkjrs le;
pV&pV dh èofu lquus vFkok fpuxkfj;k¡ ns[kus dk vuqHko gksxkA efgykvkssa osQ oL=kksa tSls
ikWfy,LVj lkM+h osQ lkFk rks ,slh ?kVuk gksuk izk;% vfuok;Z gksrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh bl ifj?kVuk
dk Li"Vhdj.k [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gS\ fo|qr foltZu dk ,d vU; lkekU; mnkgj.k vkdk'k
esa xtZu osQ le; rfM+r fn[kkbZ nsuk gSA fo|qr >VosQ osQ laosnu dk vuqHko gesa ml le; Hkh
gksrk gS tc ge fdlh dkj dk njokT
+
kk [kksyrs gSa vFkok tc ge viuh cl dh lhV ij f[kldus
osQ i'pkr mlesa yxh yksgs dh NM+ dks idM+rs gSaaA bu vuqHkoksa osQ gksus osQ dkj.k gekjs 'kjhj
esa ls gksdj mu oS|qr vkos'kksa dk fol£tr gksuk gS tks fo|qrjks/h i`"Bksa ij jxM+ osQ dkj.k ,d=k
gks tkrs gSaA vkius ;g Hkh lquk gksxk fd ;g oS|qr vkos'k (fLFkjoS|qr) osQ mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k
gSA bl vè;k; rFkk vxys vè;k; esa Hkh ge blh fo"k; ij ppkZ djsaxsA fLFkj ls rkRi;Z gS og
lc oqQN tks le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr vFkok xfre; ugha gksrkA fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ varxZr ge fLFkj
vkos'kksa }kjk mRiUu cyksa] {ks=kksa rFkk foHkoksa osQ fo"k; esa vè;;u djrs gSaA
1.2  oS|qr vkos'k
bfrgkl osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 600 bZ- iwoZ gqbZ bl rF; dh [kkst dk Js;] fd Åu vFkok
js'keh&oL=k ls jxM+k x;k ,sEcj gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr djrk gS] xzhl ns'k osQ feysVl osQ
fuoklh FksYl dks tkrk gSA ^bysfDVªflVh* 'kCn Hkh xzhl dh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn bysDVªkWu ls O;qRiUu
gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ ,sEcj gSA ml le; inkFkks± osQ ,sls cgqr ls ;qxy Kkr Fks tks ijLij jxM+s
vè;k; 1
oS|qr vkos'k
rFkk {ks=k
2
HkkSfrdh
tkus ij Hkwls osQ frudksa] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa] dkxT+k
osQ NksVs VqdM+ksa vkfn gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr dj
ysrs FksA vki bl izdkj osQ izHkko dk vuqHko vius ?kj
ij fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki }kjk dj ldrs gSaA li
+
sQn
dkxT+k dh yach iryh ifêð;k¡ dkVdj mu ij /hjs ls
bLrjh dhft,A bu ifêð;ksa dks Vsyhfo”ku osQ insZ
vFkok oaQI;wVj osQ ekWfuVj osQ fudV ykb,A vki
ns[ksaxs fd ifêð;k¡ insZ dh vksj vkd£"kr gks tkrh gSaA
okLro esa os oqQN {k.k rd insZ ls fpidh jgrh gSaA
;g Hkh izsf{kr fd;k x;k fd ;fn Åu vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s ls jxM+h gqbZ nks dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks
,d&nwljs osQ fudV yk,¡ rks os ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(a)ºA Åu dh os yfM+;k¡ vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s osQ os VqdM+s ftuls bu NM+ksa dks jxM+k
x;k Fkk] os Hkh ijLij ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs
gSa ijarq dk¡p dh NM+ rFkk Åu ,d&nwljs dks
vkd£"kr djrs gSaA blh izdkj] fcYyh dh lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ nks IykfLVd dh NM+sa ,d&nwljs dks
izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(b)º ijarq lewj dks vkd£"kr djrh gSaA blosQ foijhr] IykfLVd
dh NM+sa dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks vkd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(c)º rFkk flYd vFkok Åu ftlls
dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks jxM+k x;k Fkk] dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA dk¡p dh NM+ lewj dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSA
;fn lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ fdlh IykfLVd dh NM+ dks js'ke vFkok uk;ykWu osQ /kxksa ls yVdh
gqbZ nks NksVh ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa (vktdy ge ikWfy,LVjhu dh xksfy;k¡ Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSaa) ls Li'kZ djk nsa] rks ;s xksfy;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(d)º rFkk Lo;a
NM+ ls Hkh izfrd£"kr gksrh gSaA ;gh izHkko ml le; Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tc ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa
dks js'ke ls jxM+h dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ djkrs gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(e)ºA ;g ,d ukVdh; izs{k.k gS
fd dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ dh gqbZ ljoaQMs dh xksyh nwljh IykfLVd NM+ ls Li'kZ dh xbZ ljoaQMs
dh xksyh dks vkd£"kr djrh gS ¹fp=k 1.1(f)ºA
o"kks± osQ iz;kl rFkk lko/kuhiwoZd fd, x, iz;ksxksa ,oa muosQ fo'ys"k.kksa }kjk ljy izrhr gksus
okys ;s rF; LFkkfir gks ik, gSaA fofHkUu oSKkfudksa }kjk fd, x, cgqr ls lko/kuhiw.kZ vè;;uksa
osQ i'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd ,d jkf'k gksrh gS] ftls oS|qr vkos'k dgrs gSa vkSj
;g osQoy nks izdkj osQ gh gks ldrs gSaA oS|qr vkos'k dgykus okyh jkf'k osQ osQoy nks izdkj
gh gksrs gSaA ge dgrs gSa fd IykfLVd ,oa dk¡p dh NM+] js'ke] lewj] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ vkfn
¯iM fo|qUe; gks x, gSaA jxM+us ij ;s oS|qr vkos'k v£tr dj ysrs gSaA ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa ij
fd, x, ;s iz;ksx ;g lq>krs gSa fd vkos'k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa rFkk ge ;g ikrs gSa fd (i) ltkrh;
vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr rFkk (ii) fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA ;s iz;ksx
;g Hkh izn£'kr djrs gSa fd Li'kZ djus ij] vkos'k NM+ ls ljoaQMs dh xksyh esa LFkkukarfjr gks
tkrs gSaA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ Li'kZ }kjk fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V)
gksrh gSaA og xq.k tks nks izdkj osQ vkos'kksa esa Hksn djrk gS] vkos'k dh /qzork dgykrk gSA
tc dk¡p dh NM+ dks js'ke ls jxM+rs gSa rks NM+ ,d izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrh gS rFkk
js'ke nwljs izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrk gSA ;g mu lHkh oLrqvksa osQ ;qxy osQ fy, lR; gS tks
fo|qUe; gksus osQ fy, ijLij jxM+s tkrs gSaA vc ;fn fo|qUe; dk¡p dh NM+ dks ml js'ke osQ
laioZQ esa ykrs gSa ftlls mls jxM+k x;k Fkk] rks os vc ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr ugha djrsA ;s vc
vU; gydh oLrqvksa dks Hkh vkd£"kr vFkok izfrd£"kr ugha djrs tSlk fd ;s fo|qUe; gksus ij
dj jgs FksA
fp=k 1.1 NM+sa rFkk ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡% ltkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs
dks izfrd£"kr rFkk fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA
ljy fLFkj oS|qrdh; iz;ksxksa ls lacaf/r izHkkoh ltho fp=k.k
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/travoltage/HTML/
HkkSfrdh
Page 3


1.1  Hkwfedk
ge lHkh dks] fo'ks"kdj 'kq"d ekSle esa] LosVj vFkok laf'y"V oL=kksa dks 'kjhj ls mrkjrs le;
pV&pV dh èofu lquus vFkok fpuxkfj;k¡ ns[kus dk vuqHko gksxkA efgykvkssa osQ oL=kksa tSls
ikWfy,LVj lkM+h osQ lkFk rks ,slh ?kVuk gksuk izk;% vfuok;Z gksrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh bl ifj?kVuk
dk Li"Vhdj.k [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gS\ fo|qr foltZu dk ,d vU; lkekU; mnkgj.k vkdk'k
esa xtZu osQ le; rfM+r fn[kkbZ nsuk gSA fo|qr >VosQ osQ laosnu dk vuqHko gesa ml le; Hkh
gksrk gS tc ge fdlh dkj dk njokT
+
kk [kksyrs gSa vFkok tc ge viuh cl dh lhV ij f[kldus
osQ i'pkr mlesa yxh yksgs dh NM+ dks idM+rs gSaaA bu vuqHkoksa osQ gksus osQ dkj.k gekjs 'kjhj
esa ls gksdj mu oS|qr vkos'kksa dk fol£tr gksuk gS tks fo|qrjks/h i`"Bksa ij jxM+ osQ dkj.k ,d=k
gks tkrs gSaA vkius ;g Hkh lquk gksxk fd ;g oS|qr vkos'k (fLFkjoS|qr) osQ mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k
gSA bl vè;k; rFkk vxys vè;k; esa Hkh ge blh fo"k; ij ppkZ djsaxsA fLFkj ls rkRi;Z gS og
lc oqQN tks le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr vFkok xfre; ugha gksrkA fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ varxZr ge fLFkj
vkos'kksa }kjk mRiUu cyksa] {ks=kksa rFkk foHkoksa osQ fo"k; esa vè;;u djrs gSaA
1.2  oS|qr vkos'k
bfrgkl osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 600 bZ- iwoZ gqbZ bl rF; dh [kkst dk Js;] fd Åu vFkok
js'keh&oL=k ls jxM+k x;k ,sEcj gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr djrk gS] xzhl ns'k osQ feysVl osQ
fuoklh FksYl dks tkrk gSA ^bysfDVªflVh* 'kCn Hkh xzhl dh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn bysDVªkWu ls O;qRiUu
gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ ,sEcj gSA ml le; inkFkks± osQ ,sls cgqr ls ;qxy Kkr Fks tks ijLij jxM+s
vè;k; 1
oS|qr vkos'k
rFkk {ks=k
2
HkkSfrdh
tkus ij Hkwls osQ frudksa] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa] dkxT+k
osQ NksVs VqdM+ksa vkfn gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr dj
ysrs FksA vki bl izdkj osQ izHkko dk vuqHko vius ?kj
ij fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki }kjk dj ldrs gSaA li
+
sQn
dkxT+k dh yach iryh ifêð;k¡ dkVdj mu ij /hjs ls
bLrjh dhft,A bu ifêð;ksa dks Vsyhfo”ku osQ insZ
vFkok oaQI;wVj osQ ekWfuVj osQ fudV ykb,A vki
ns[ksaxs fd ifêð;k¡ insZ dh vksj vkd£"kr gks tkrh gSaA
okLro esa os oqQN {k.k rd insZ ls fpidh jgrh gSaA
;g Hkh izsf{kr fd;k x;k fd ;fn Åu vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s ls jxM+h gqbZ nks dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks
,d&nwljs osQ fudV yk,¡ rks os ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(a)ºA Åu dh os yfM+;k¡ vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s osQ os VqdM+s ftuls bu NM+ksa dks jxM+k
x;k Fkk] os Hkh ijLij ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs
gSa ijarq dk¡p dh NM+ rFkk Åu ,d&nwljs dks
vkd£"kr djrs gSaA blh izdkj] fcYyh dh lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ nks IykfLVd dh NM+sa ,d&nwljs dks
izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(b)º ijarq lewj dks vkd£"kr djrh gSaA blosQ foijhr] IykfLVd
dh NM+sa dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks vkd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(c)º rFkk flYd vFkok Åu ftlls
dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks jxM+k x;k Fkk] dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA dk¡p dh NM+ lewj dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSA
;fn lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ fdlh IykfLVd dh NM+ dks js'ke vFkok uk;ykWu osQ /kxksa ls yVdh
gqbZ nks NksVh ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa (vktdy ge ikWfy,LVjhu dh xksfy;k¡ Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSaa) ls Li'kZ djk nsa] rks ;s xksfy;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(d)º rFkk Lo;a
NM+ ls Hkh izfrd£"kr gksrh gSaA ;gh izHkko ml le; Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tc ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa
dks js'ke ls jxM+h dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ djkrs gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(e)ºA ;g ,d ukVdh; izs{k.k gS
fd dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ dh gqbZ ljoaQMs dh xksyh nwljh IykfLVd NM+ ls Li'kZ dh xbZ ljoaQMs
dh xksyh dks vkd£"kr djrh gS ¹fp=k 1.1(f)ºA
o"kks± osQ iz;kl rFkk lko/kuhiwoZd fd, x, iz;ksxksa ,oa muosQ fo'ys"k.kksa }kjk ljy izrhr gksus
okys ;s rF; LFkkfir gks ik, gSaA fofHkUu oSKkfudksa }kjk fd, x, cgqr ls lko/kuhiw.kZ vè;;uksa
osQ i'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd ,d jkf'k gksrh gS] ftls oS|qr vkos'k dgrs gSa vkSj
;g osQoy nks izdkj osQ gh gks ldrs gSaA oS|qr vkos'k dgykus okyh jkf'k osQ osQoy nks izdkj
gh gksrs gSaA ge dgrs gSa fd IykfLVd ,oa dk¡p dh NM+] js'ke] lewj] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ vkfn
¯iM fo|qUe; gks x, gSaA jxM+us ij ;s oS|qr vkos'k v£tr dj ysrs gSaA ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa ij
fd, x, ;s iz;ksx ;g lq>krs gSa fd vkos'k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa rFkk ge ;g ikrs gSa fd (i) ltkrh;
vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr rFkk (ii) fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA ;s iz;ksx
;g Hkh izn£'kr djrs gSa fd Li'kZ djus ij] vkos'k NM+ ls ljoaQMs dh xksyh esa LFkkukarfjr gks
tkrs gSaA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ Li'kZ }kjk fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V)
gksrh gSaA og xq.k tks nks izdkj osQ vkos'kksa esa Hksn djrk gS] vkos'k dh /qzork dgykrk gSA
tc dk¡p dh NM+ dks js'ke ls jxM+rs gSa rks NM+ ,d izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrh gS rFkk
js'ke nwljs izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrk gSA ;g mu lHkh oLrqvksa osQ ;qxy osQ fy, lR; gS tks
fo|qUe; gksus osQ fy, ijLij jxM+s tkrs gSaA vc ;fn fo|qUe; dk¡p dh NM+ dks ml js'ke osQ
laioZQ esa ykrs gSa ftlls mls jxM+k x;k Fkk] rks os vc ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr ugha djrsA ;s vc
vU; gydh oLrqvksa dks Hkh vkd£"kr vFkok izfrd£"kr ugha djrs tSlk fd ;s fo|qUe; gksus ij
dj jgs FksA
fp=k 1.1 NM+sa rFkk ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡% ltkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs
dks izfrd£"kr rFkk fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA
ljy fLFkj oS|qrdh; iz;ksxksa ls lacaf/r izHkkoh ltho fp=k.k
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/travoltage/HTML/
HkkSfrdh
3
oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k
bl izdkj] jxM+us osQ i'pkr oLrqvksa }kjk v£tr vkos'k vkosf'kr oLrqvksa dks ,d&nwljs osQ
laioZQ esa ykus ij yqIr gks tkrk gSA bu izs{k.kksa ls vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\ ;g rks osQoy
bruk crkrk gS fd oLrqvksa }kjk v£tr fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs osQ izHkko dks fu"iQy dj nsrs
gSaA blhfy, vesfjdh oSKkfud csatkfeu izsaQdfyu us vkos'kksa dks /ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed dgkA
ge tkurs gSa fd tc ge fdlh /ukRed la[;k dks mlh ifjek.k dh ½.kkRed la[;k ls tksM+rs
gSa rks ;ksxiQy 'kwU; gksrk gSA vkos'kksa dks /ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed uke nsus osQ ihNs Hkh ;gh roZQ
jgk gksxkA ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj dk¡p dh NM+ vFkok fcYyh osQ lewj ij vkos'k /ukRed dgykrk
gS rFkk IykfLVd&NM+ vFkok js'ke ij vkos'k ½.kkRed dgykrk gSA tc fdlh oLrq ij dksbZ
vkos'k gksrk gS rks og oLrq fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V) dgh tkrh gSA tc ml ij dksbZ
vkos'k ugha gksrk rc mls vukosf'kr dgrs gSaA
fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo dk ,dhdj.k
izkphu dky esa fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo i`FkoQ fo"k; le>s tkrs FksA fo|qr osQ varxZr dk¡p dh NM+ksa] fcYyh osQ lewj]
cSVjh] rfM+r vkfn osQ vkos'kksa ij ppkZ gksrh Fkh tcfd pqacdRo osQ varxZr pqacdksa] ykSg&Nhyu] pqacdh; lqbZ vkfn
esa vU;ksU; fØ;k dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk FkkA lu 1820 bZ- esa MsuekoZQ osQ oSKkfud vkWLVsZM us ;g ik;k fd pqacdh;
lqbZ osQ fudV j[ks rkj ls fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djus ij lqbZ fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA ,sfEi;j rFkk iSQjkMs us bl izs{k.k
dk ;g dgdj iks"k.k fd;k fd xfr'khy vkos'k pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk xfr'khy pqacd fo|qr /kjk mRiUu
djrs gSaA fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo esa ,dhdj.k rc LFkkfir gqvk tc LdkWVySaM osQ HkkSfrdfon eSDlosy rFkk gkWySaM osQ
HkkSfrdfon yksjsat us ,d fl¼kar izfrikfnr fd;k ftlesa mUgksaus ;g n'kkZ;k fd ;s nksuksa fo"k; ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA
bl {ks=k dks oS|qrpqacdRo dgrs gSaA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh vf/dka'k ifj?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k oS|qrpqacdRo osQ varxZr
dh tk ldrh gSA oLrqr% os lHkh cy ftuosQ fo"k; esa ge fopkj djrs gSa] tSls ?k"kZ.k inkFkZ dks la;ksftr j[kus osQ
fy, muosQ ijek.kqvksa osQ chp yxus okyk jklk;fud cy ;gk¡ rd fd lthoksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa gksus okyh izfØ;kvksa
dh O;k[;k djus okys cyksa dk mn~Hko Hkh oS|qrpqacdh; cyksa ls gqvk gSA oS|qrpqacdh; cy izo`Qfr osQ ewy cyksa esa
ls ,d gSA
eSDlosy us pkj lehdj.k izLrqr fd, ftudh Dykfldy oS|qrpqacdRo esa ogh Hkwfedk gS] tks ;kaf=kdh esa U;wVu
dh xfr oQh lehdj.kksa rFkk xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;e dh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh izekf.kr fd;k fd izdk'k dh izo`Qfr
oS|qrpqacdh; gS rFkk bldh pky osQoy fo|qr rFkk pqacdh; ekiksa }kjk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh nkok
fd;k fd izdkf'kdh osQ foKku rFkk fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo esa izxk<+ laca/ gSA
fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo dk foKku vk/qfud izkS|ksfxd lH;rk dh uhao gSA fo|qr 'kfDr] nwjlapkj] jsfM;ks vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku rFkk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx gksus okyh foLr`r izdkj dh izk;ksfxd ;qfDr;k¡ blh foKku osQ fl¼karksa ij
vk/kfjr gaSA ;|fi xfr'khy vkosf'kr d.k fo|qr rFkk pqacdh; nksuksa cy vkjksfir djrs gSa] ijarq ,sls funsZ'k izsQe ftlesa
lHkh vkos'k fojke esa gksa] vkjksfir cy osQoy fo|qr cy gksrs gSaA vki tkurs gSa fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy nh?kZ&ijklh cy
gSA bldk izHkko ogk¡ Hkh vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ vU;ksU; fØ;k djus okys d.kksa osQ chp dh nwjh vR;f/d gksrh
gS D;ksafd ;g cy vU;ksU; fØ;k djus okys fiaMksa osQ chp dh nwjh osQ oxZ osQ O;qRØekuqlkj ?kVrk gSA bl vè;k;
osQ varxZr ge ;g lh[ksaxs fd fo|qr cy Hkh mruk gh O;kid gS rFkk okLro esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dh rqyuk esa ifjek.k
dh dksfV dbZ xquk izcy gS (HkkSfrdh ikB~;iqLrd d{kk 11 dk vè;k; 1 nsf[k,)A
vkos'kksa dh mifLFkfr osQ lalwpu osQ fy, ,d ljy midj.k Lo.kZ i=k fo|qrn'khZ gS
¹fp=k 1.2 (a)ºA blesa ,d ckWDl esa /krq dh ,d NM+ ÅèokZèkjr% yxh gksrh gS ftlosQ fupys
fljs ij lksus osQ ooZQ dh nks ifêð;k¡ c¡/h gksrh gSaA tc dksbZ vkosf'kr oLrq NM+ osQ Åijh fljs
dks Nwrh gS rks NM+ esa gksrk gqvk vkos'k lksus osQ odks± ij vk tkrk gS vkSj os ,d&nwljs ls nwj
gV tkrs gSaA vkos'k ftruk vf/d gksrk gS] odks± osQ fupys fljksa osQ chp mruh gh vf/d nwjh
gks tkrh gSA
Page 4


1.1  Hkwfedk
ge lHkh dks] fo'ks"kdj 'kq"d ekSle esa] LosVj vFkok laf'y"V oL=kksa dks 'kjhj ls mrkjrs le;
pV&pV dh èofu lquus vFkok fpuxkfj;k¡ ns[kus dk vuqHko gksxkA efgykvkssa osQ oL=kksa tSls
ikWfy,LVj lkM+h osQ lkFk rks ,slh ?kVuk gksuk izk;% vfuok;Z gksrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh bl ifj?kVuk
dk Li"Vhdj.k [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gS\ fo|qr foltZu dk ,d vU; lkekU; mnkgj.k vkdk'k
esa xtZu osQ le; rfM+r fn[kkbZ nsuk gSA fo|qr >VosQ osQ laosnu dk vuqHko gesa ml le; Hkh
gksrk gS tc ge fdlh dkj dk njokT
+
kk [kksyrs gSa vFkok tc ge viuh cl dh lhV ij f[kldus
osQ i'pkr mlesa yxh yksgs dh NM+ dks idM+rs gSaaA bu vuqHkoksa osQ gksus osQ dkj.k gekjs 'kjhj
esa ls gksdj mu oS|qr vkos'kksa dk fol£tr gksuk gS tks fo|qrjks/h i`"Bksa ij jxM+ osQ dkj.k ,d=k
gks tkrs gSaA vkius ;g Hkh lquk gksxk fd ;g oS|qr vkos'k (fLFkjoS|qr) osQ mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k
gSA bl vè;k; rFkk vxys vè;k; esa Hkh ge blh fo"k; ij ppkZ djsaxsA fLFkj ls rkRi;Z gS og
lc oqQN tks le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr vFkok xfre; ugha gksrkA fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ varxZr ge fLFkj
vkos'kksa }kjk mRiUu cyksa] {ks=kksa rFkk foHkoksa osQ fo"k; esa vè;;u djrs gSaA
1.2  oS|qr vkos'k
bfrgkl osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 600 bZ- iwoZ gqbZ bl rF; dh [kkst dk Js;] fd Åu vFkok
js'keh&oL=k ls jxM+k x;k ,sEcj gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr djrk gS] xzhl ns'k osQ feysVl osQ
fuoklh FksYl dks tkrk gSA ^bysfDVªflVh* 'kCn Hkh xzhl dh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn bysDVªkWu ls O;qRiUu
gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ ,sEcj gSA ml le; inkFkks± osQ ,sls cgqr ls ;qxy Kkr Fks tks ijLij jxM+s
vè;k; 1
oS|qr vkos'k
rFkk {ks=k
2
HkkSfrdh
tkus ij Hkwls osQ frudksa] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa] dkxT+k
osQ NksVs VqdM+ksa vkfn gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr dj
ysrs FksA vki bl izdkj osQ izHkko dk vuqHko vius ?kj
ij fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki }kjk dj ldrs gSaA li
+
sQn
dkxT+k dh yach iryh ifêð;k¡ dkVdj mu ij /hjs ls
bLrjh dhft,A bu ifêð;ksa dks Vsyhfo”ku osQ insZ
vFkok oaQI;wVj osQ ekWfuVj osQ fudV ykb,A vki
ns[ksaxs fd ifêð;k¡ insZ dh vksj vkd£"kr gks tkrh gSaA
okLro esa os oqQN {k.k rd insZ ls fpidh jgrh gSaA
;g Hkh izsf{kr fd;k x;k fd ;fn Åu vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s ls jxM+h gqbZ nks dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks
,d&nwljs osQ fudV yk,¡ rks os ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(a)ºA Åu dh os yfM+;k¡ vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s osQ os VqdM+s ftuls bu NM+ksa dks jxM+k
x;k Fkk] os Hkh ijLij ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs
gSa ijarq dk¡p dh NM+ rFkk Åu ,d&nwljs dks
vkd£"kr djrs gSaA blh izdkj] fcYyh dh lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ nks IykfLVd dh NM+sa ,d&nwljs dks
izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(b)º ijarq lewj dks vkd£"kr djrh gSaA blosQ foijhr] IykfLVd
dh NM+sa dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks vkd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(c)º rFkk flYd vFkok Åu ftlls
dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks jxM+k x;k Fkk] dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA dk¡p dh NM+ lewj dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSA
;fn lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ fdlh IykfLVd dh NM+ dks js'ke vFkok uk;ykWu osQ /kxksa ls yVdh
gqbZ nks NksVh ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa (vktdy ge ikWfy,LVjhu dh xksfy;k¡ Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSaa) ls Li'kZ djk nsa] rks ;s xksfy;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(d)º rFkk Lo;a
NM+ ls Hkh izfrd£"kr gksrh gSaA ;gh izHkko ml le; Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tc ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa
dks js'ke ls jxM+h dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ djkrs gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(e)ºA ;g ,d ukVdh; izs{k.k gS
fd dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ dh gqbZ ljoaQMs dh xksyh nwljh IykfLVd NM+ ls Li'kZ dh xbZ ljoaQMs
dh xksyh dks vkd£"kr djrh gS ¹fp=k 1.1(f)ºA
o"kks± osQ iz;kl rFkk lko/kuhiwoZd fd, x, iz;ksxksa ,oa muosQ fo'ys"k.kksa }kjk ljy izrhr gksus
okys ;s rF; LFkkfir gks ik, gSaA fofHkUu oSKkfudksa }kjk fd, x, cgqr ls lko/kuhiw.kZ vè;;uksa
osQ i'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd ,d jkf'k gksrh gS] ftls oS|qr vkos'k dgrs gSa vkSj
;g osQoy nks izdkj osQ gh gks ldrs gSaA oS|qr vkos'k dgykus okyh jkf'k osQ osQoy nks izdkj
gh gksrs gSaA ge dgrs gSa fd IykfLVd ,oa dk¡p dh NM+] js'ke] lewj] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ vkfn
¯iM fo|qUe; gks x, gSaA jxM+us ij ;s oS|qr vkos'k v£tr dj ysrs gSaA ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa ij
fd, x, ;s iz;ksx ;g lq>krs gSa fd vkos'k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa rFkk ge ;g ikrs gSa fd (i) ltkrh;
vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr rFkk (ii) fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA ;s iz;ksx
;g Hkh izn£'kr djrs gSa fd Li'kZ djus ij] vkos'k NM+ ls ljoaQMs dh xksyh esa LFkkukarfjr gks
tkrs gSaA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ Li'kZ }kjk fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V)
gksrh gSaA og xq.k tks nks izdkj osQ vkos'kksa esa Hksn djrk gS] vkos'k dh /qzork dgykrk gSA
tc dk¡p dh NM+ dks js'ke ls jxM+rs gSa rks NM+ ,d izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrh gS rFkk
js'ke nwljs izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrk gSA ;g mu lHkh oLrqvksa osQ ;qxy osQ fy, lR; gS tks
fo|qUe; gksus osQ fy, ijLij jxM+s tkrs gSaA vc ;fn fo|qUe; dk¡p dh NM+ dks ml js'ke osQ
laioZQ esa ykrs gSa ftlls mls jxM+k x;k Fkk] rks os vc ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr ugha djrsA ;s vc
vU; gydh oLrqvksa dks Hkh vkd£"kr vFkok izfrd£"kr ugha djrs tSlk fd ;s fo|qUe; gksus ij
dj jgs FksA
fp=k 1.1 NM+sa rFkk ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡% ltkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs
dks izfrd£"kr rFkk fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA
ljy fLFkj oS|qrdh; iz;ksxksa ls lacaf/r izHkkoh ltho fp=k.k
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/travoltage/HTML/
HkkSfrdh
3
oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k
bl izdkj] jxM+us osQ i'pkr oLrqvksa }kjk v£tr vkos'k vkosf'kr oLrqvksa dks ,d&nwljs osQ
laioZQ esa ykus ij yqIr gks tkrk gSA bu izs{k.kksa ls vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\ ;g rks osQoy
bruk crkrk gS fd oLrqvksa }kjk v£tr fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs osQ izHkko dks fu"iQy dj nsrs
gSaA blhfy, vesfjdh oSKkfud csatkfeu izsaQdfyu us vkos'kksa dks /ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed dgkA
ge tkurs gSa fd tc ge fdlh /ukRed la[;k dks mlh ifjek.k dh ½.kkRed la[;k ls tksM+rs
gSa rks ;ksxiQy 'kwU; gksrk gSA vkos'kksa dks /ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed uke nsus osQ ihNs Hkh ;gh roZQ
jgk gksxkA ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj dk¡p dh NM+ vFkok fcYyh osQ lewj ij vkos'k /ukRed dgykrk
gS rFkk IykfLVd&NM+ vFkok js'ke ij vkos'k ½.kkRed dgykrk gSA tc fdlh oLrq ij dksbZ
vkos'k gksrk gS rks og oLrq fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V) dgh tkrh gSA tc ml ij dksbZ
vkos'k ugha gksrk rc mls vukosf'kr dgrs gSaA
fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo dk ,dhdj.k
izkphu dky esa fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo i`FkoQ fo"k; le>s tkrs FksA fo|qr osQ varxZr dk¡p dh NM+ksa] fcYyh osQ lewj]
cSVjh] rfM+r vkfn osQ vkos'kksa ij ppkZ gksrh Fkh tcfd pqacdRo osQ varxZr pqacdksa] ykSg&Nhyu] pqacdh; lqbZ vkfn
esa vU;ksU; fØ;k dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk FkkA lu 1820 bZ- esa MsuekoZQ osQ oSKkfud vkWLVsZM us ;g ik;k fd pqacdh;
lqbZ osQ fudV j[ks rkj ls fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djus ij lqbZ fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA ,sfEi;j rFkk iSQjkMs us bl izs{k.k
dk ;g dgdj iks"k.k fd;k fd xfr'khy vkos'k pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk xfr'khy pqacd fo|qr /kjk mRiUu
djrs gSaA fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo esa ,dhdj.k rc LFkkfir gqvk tc LdkWVySaM osQ HkkSfrdfon eSDlosy rFkk gkWySaM osQ
HkkSfrdfon yksjsat us ,d fl¼kar izfrikfnr fd;k ftlesa mUgksaus ;g n'kkZ;k fd ;s nksuksa fo"k; ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA
bl {ks=k dks oS|qrpqacdRo dgrs gSaA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh vf/dka'k ifj?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k oS|qrpqacdRo osQ varxZr
dh tk ldrh gSA oLrqr% os lHkh cy ftuosQ fo"k; esa ge fopkj djrs gSa] tSls ?k"kZ.k inkFkZ dks la;ksftr j[kus osQ
fy, muosQ ijek.kqvksa osQ chp yxus okyk jklk;fud cy ;gk¡ rd fd lthoksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa gksus okyh izfØ;kvksa
dh O;k[;k djus okys cyksa dk mn~Hko Hkh oS|qrpqacdh; cyksa ls gqvk gSA oS|qrpqacdh; cy izo`Qfr osQ ewy cyksa esa
ls ,d gSA
eSDlosy us pkj lehdj.k izLrqr fd, ftudh Dykfldy oS|qrpqacdRo esa ogh Hkwfedk gS] tks ;kaf=kdh esa U;wVu
dh xfr oQh lehdj.kksa rFkk xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;e dh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh izekf.kr fd;k fd izdk'k dh izo`Qfr
oS|qrpqacdh; gS rFkk bldh pky osQoy fo|qr rFkk pqacdh; ekiksa }kjk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh nkok
fd;k fd izdkf'kdh osQ foKku rFkk fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo esa izxk<+ laca/ gSA
fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo dk foKku vk/qfud izkS|ksfxd lH;rk dh uhao gSA fo|qr 'kfDr] nwjlapkj] jsfM;ks vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku rFkk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx gksus okyh foLr`r izdkj dh izk;ksfxd ;qfDr;k¡ blh foKku osQ fl¼karksa ij
vk/kfjr gaSA ;|fi xfr'khy vkosf'kr d.k fo|qr rFkk pqacdh; nksuksa cy vkjksfir djrs gSa] ijarq ,sls funsZ'k izsQe ftlesa
lHkh vkos'k fojke esa gksa] vkjksfir cy osQoy fo|qr cy gksrs gSaA vki tkurs gSa fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy nh?kZ&ijklh cy
gSA bldk izHkko ogk¡ Hkh vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ vU;ksU; fØ;k djus okys d.kksa osQ chp dh nwjh vR;f/d gksrh
gS D;ksafd ;g cy vU;ksU; fØ;k djus okys fiaMksa osQ chp dh nwjh osQ oxZ osQ O;qRØekuqlkj ?kVrk gSA bl vè;k;
osQ varxZr ge ;g lh[ksaxs fd fo|qr cy Hkh mruk gh O;kid gS rFkk okLro esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dh rqyuk esa ifjek.k
dh dksfV dbZ xquk izcy gS (HkkSfrdh ikB~;iqLrd d{kk 11 dk vè;k; 1 nsf[k,)A
vkos'kksa dh mifLFkfr osQ lalwpu osQ fy, ,d ljy midj.k Lo.kZ i=k fo|qrn'khZ gS
¹fp=k 1.2 (a)ºA blesa ,d ckWDl esa /krq dh ,d NM+ ÅèokZèkjr% yxh gksrh gS ftlosQ fupys
fljs ij lksus osQ ooZQ dh nks ifêð;k¡ c¡/h gksrh gSaA tc dksbZ vkosf'kr oLrq NM+ osQ Åijh fljs
dks Nwrh gS rks NM+ esa gksrk gqvk vkos'k lksus osQ odks± ij vk tkrk gS vkSj os ,d&nwljs ls nwj
gV tkrs gSaA vkos'k ftruk vf/d gksrk gS] odks± osQ fupys fljksa osQ chp mruh gh vf/d nwjh
gks tkrh gSA
4
HkkSfrdh
fo|kFkhZ uhps crk, vuqlkj ljy fo|qrn'khZ cuk ldrs gSa ¹fp=k
1.2(b)]A ijns yVdkus okyh ,syqfefu;e dh ,slh ckjhd NM+
yhft, ftlosQ nksuksa fljksa ij xksys tqM+s gksaA bldk yxHkx 20 cm
yack ,d VqdM+k bl izdkj dkfV, ftlls NM+ dk ,d fljk piVk
rFkk nwljk fljk xksys okyk cu tk,A ,d bruh cM+h cksry yhft,
ftlosQ eaq¡g ij dkWoZQ yxkdj ml dkWoZQ esa Nsn djosQ fp=k esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj bl NM+ dks fiQV fd;k tk losQA NM+ dk xksys okyk fljk
cksry osQ ckgj rFkk dVk fljk cksry osQ Hkhrj j[kuk pkfg,A yack
iryk ,syqfefu;e i=k (yxHkx 6 cm) ysdj bls chp esa eksfM+,
vkSj bls NM+ osQ piVs fljs ij lsY;qyksl&Vsi osQ lkFk tksM+ nhft,A
bl izdkj vkiosQ fo|qrn'khZ osQ i=k cu tkrs gSaA vc dkWoZQ dks cksry
esa bl izdkj fiQV dfj, fd NM+ dk xksys okyk fljk dkWoZQ ls yxHkx
5 cm ckgj fudyk jgsA cksry osQ Hkhrj ,d dkx”k dk iSekuk igys
ls gh i=kksa dh i`Fkdrk dks ekius osQ fy, yxk;k tk ldrk gSA i=kksa
dh i`Fkdrk fo|qrn'khZ ij vkos'k dh ek=kk dh ,d eki gksrh gSA
;g le>us osQ fy, fd fo|qrn'khZ fdl izdkj dk;Z djrk gS
li+sQn dkx”k dh og ifêð;k¡ yhft, ftudk mi;ksx geus vkosf'kr
oLrqvksa }kjk vkd"kZ.k ns[kus osQ fy, fd;k FkkA iêðh dks vk/k eksfM+,
rkfd iêðh ij eksM+ dk fu'kku cu tk,A iêðh dks [kksfy, rFkk bl
ij fp=k 1.3 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj] ioZrh; eksM+ cukdj gydh bLrjh
dhft,A bls eksM+ ij pqVdh Hkjdj idfM+,A vki ;g ik,¡xs fd nksuksa
v/ZHkkx ,d&nwljs ls nwj tkrs gSaA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd bLrjh djus ij
iêðh vkos'k v£tr dj ysrh gSA tc vki iêðh dks vk/k eksM+rs gSa rks nksuksa v/ZHkkxksa ij ltkrh;
vkos'k gksrk gS] vr% os ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs gSaaA i=k fo|qrn'khZ esa Hkh ;gh izHkko fn[kkbZ
nsrk gSA ijns dh NM+ osQ xksys dks fo|qUe; oLrq ls Li'kZ djkus ij ijns dh NM+ ij vkos'k
LFkkukarfjr gksdj mlosQ nwljs fljs ij tqM+s ,syqfefu;e i=kksa ij igq¡p tkrk gSA i=k osQ nksuksa vèkZHkkx
ltkrh; vkos'k v£tr djus osQ dkj.k ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs gSaA i=kksa dh vilkfjrk }kjk
mu ij vkos'k dh ek=kk lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA vkb,] vc igys ;g le>sa fd nzO; ls cuh
oLrq,¡ D;ksa vkos'k dks v£tr djrh gSaA
lHkh inkFkZ ijek.kqvksa vkSj@vFkok v.kqvksa ls cus gSaA ;|fi oLrq,¡ lkekU;r% oS|qr mnklhu
gksrh gSa] muesa vkos'k rks gksrs gSa ijarq muosQ ;s vkos'k Bhd&Bhd larqfyr gksrs gSaA v.kqvksa dks
l¡Hkkyus okyk jklk;fud cy] Bkslksa esa ijek.kqvksa dks ,dlkFk Fkkes j[kus okys cy] xksan dk
vklatd cy] i`"B ruko ls lac¼ cyµbu lHkh cyksa dh ewy izo`Qfr oS|qrh; gS] vkSj ;s
vkosf'kr d.kksa osQ chp yxus okys fo|qr cyksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA bl izdkj] oS|qrpqacdh; cy
loZO;kih gS vkSj ;g gekjs thou ls lac¼ izR;sd {ks=k esa lfEefyr gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS
fd ge bl izdkj osQ cy osQ fo"k; esa vf/d tkudkjh izkIr djsaA
fdlh mnklhu oLrq dks vkosf'kr djus osQ fy, gesa mlls ,d izdkj osQ vkos'k dks tksM+us
vFkok gVkus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd dksbZ oLrq vkosf'kr gS rks ge
lnSo gh bl vkos'k osQ vkf/D; vFkok vHkko dk mYys[k djrs gSaA Bkslksa esa oqQN bysDVªkWu ijek.kq
esa de dldj vkc¼ gksus osQ dkj.k] os vkos'k gksrs gSa tks ,d oLrq ls nwljh oLrq esa LFkkukarfjr
gks tkrs gSaaA bl izdkj dksbZ oLrq vius oqQN bysDVªkWu [kksdj /ukosf'kr gks ldrh gSA blh izdkj
fdlh oLrq dks bysDVªkWu nsdj ½.kkosf'kr Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tc ge dk¡p dh NM+ dks
fp=k 1.2 fo|qrn'khZ (a) Lo.kZ i=k fo|qrn'khZ
(b) ljy fo|qrn'khZ dh :ijs[kkA
fp=k 1.3 dkx”k&iêðh iz;ksxA
Page 5


1.1  Hkwfedk
ge lHkh dks] fo'ks"kdj 'kq"d ekSle esa] LosVj vFkok laf'y"V oL=kksa dks 'kjhj ls mrkjrs le;
pV&pV dh èofu lquus vFkok fpuxkfj;k¡ ns[kus dk vuqHko gksxkA efgykvkssa osQ oL=kksa tSls
ikWfy,LVj lkM+h osQ lkFk rks ,slh ?kVuk gksuk izk;% vfuok;Z gksrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh bl ifj?kVuk
dk Li"Vhdj.k [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gS\ fo|qr foltZu dk ,d vU; lkekU; mnkgj.k vkdk'k
esa xtZu osQ le; rfM+r fn[kkbZ nsuk gSA fo|qr >VosQ osQ laosnu dk vuqHko gesa ml le; Hkh
gksrk gS tc ge fdlh dkj dk njokT
+
kk [kksyrs gSa vFkok tc ge viuh cl dh lhV ij f[kldus
osQ i'pkr mlesa yxh yksgs dh NM+ dks idM+rs gSaaA bu vuqHkoksa osQ gksus osQ dkj.k gekjs 'kjhj
esa ls gksdj mu oS|qr vkos'kksa dk fol£tr gksuk gS tks fo|qrjks/h i`"Bksa ij jxM+ osQ dkj.k ,d=k
gks tkrs gSaA vkius ;g Hkh lquk gksxk fd ;g oS|qr vkos'k (fLFkjoS|qr) osQ mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k
gSA bl vè;k; rFkk vxys vè;k; esa Hkh ge blh fo"k; ij ppkZ djsaxsA fLFkj ls rkRi;Z gS og
lc oqQN tks le; osQ lkFk ifjo£rr vFkok xfre; ugha gksrkA fLFkjoS|qfrdh osQ varxZr ge fLFkj
vkos'kksa }kjk mRiUu cyksa] {ks=kksa rFkk foHkoksa osQ fo"k; esa vè;;u djrs gSaA
1.2  oS|qr vkos'k
bfrgkl osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 600 bZ- iwoZ gqbZ bl rF; dh [kkst dk Js;] fd Åu vFkok
js'keh&oL=k ls jxM+k x;k ,sEcj gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr djrk gS] xzhl ns'k osQ feysVl osQ
fuoklh FksYl dks tkrk gSA ^bysfDVªflVh* 'kCn Hkh xzhl dh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn bysDVªkWu ls O;qRiUu
gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ ,sEcj gSA ml le; inkFkks± osQ ,sls cgqr ls ;qxy Kkr Fks tks ijLij jxM+s
vè;k; 1
oS|qr vkos'k
rFkk {ks=k
2
HkkSfrdh
tkus ij Hkwls osQ frudksa] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa] dkxT+k
osQ NksVs VqdM+ksa vkfn gydh oLrqvksa dks vkd£"kr dj
ysrs FksA vki bl izdkj osQ izHkko dk vuqHko vius ?kj
ij fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki }kjk dj ldrs gSaA li
+
sQn
dkxT+k dh yach iryh ifêð;k¡ dkVdj mu ij /hjs ls
bLrjh dhft,A bu ifêð;ksa dks Vsyhfo”ku osQ insZ
vFkok oaQI;wVj osQ ekWfuVj osQ fudV ykb,A vki
ns[ksaxs fd ifêð;k¡ insZ dh vksj vkd£"kr gks tkrh gSaA
okLro esa os oqQN {k.k rd insZ ls fpidh jgrh gSaA
;g Hkh izsf{kr fd;k x;k fd ;fn Åu vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s ls jxM+h gqbZ nks dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks
,d&nwljs osQ fudV yk,¡ rks os ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(a)ºA Åu dh os yfM+;k¡ vFkok
js'ke osQ diM+s osQ os VqdM+s ftuls bu NM+ksa dks jxM+k
x;k Fkk] os Hkh ijLij ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs
gSa ijarq dk¡p dh NM+ rFkk Åu ,d&nwljs dks
vkd£"kr djrs gSaA blh izdkj] fcYyh dh lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ nks IykfLVd dh NM+sa ,d&nwljs dks
izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(b)º ijarq lewj dks vkd£"kr djrh gSaA blosQ foijhr] IykfLVd
dh NM+sa dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks vkd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(c)º rFkk flYd vFkok Åu ftlls
dk¡p dh NM+ksa dks jxM+k x;k Fkk] dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSaA dk¡p dh NM+ lewj dks izfrd£"kr
djrh gSA
;fn lewj ls jxM+h gqbZ fdlh IykfLVd dh NM+ dks js'ke vFkok uk;ykWu osQ /kxksa ls yVdh
gqbZ nks NksVh ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa (vktdy ge ikWfy,LVjhu dh xksfy;k¡ Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSaa) ls Li'kZ djk nsa] rks ;s xksfy;k¡ ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrh gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(d)º rFkk Lo;a
NM+ ls Hkh izfrd£"kr gksrh gSaA ;gh izHkko ml le; Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tc ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa
dks js'ke ls jxM+h dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ djkrs gSa ¹fp=k 1.1(e)ºA ;g ,d ukVdh; izs{k.k gS
fd dk¡p dh NM+ ls Li'kZ dh gqbZ ljoaQMs dh xksyh nwljh IykfLVd NM+ ls Li'kZ dh xbZ ljoaQMs
dh xksyh dks vkd£"kr djrh gS ¹fp=k 1.1(f)ºA
o"kks± osQ iz;kl rFkk lko/kuhiwoZd fd, x, iz;ksxksa ,oa muosQ fo'ys"k.kksa }kjk ljy izrhr gksus
okys ;s rF; LFkkfir gks ik, gSaA fofHkUu oSKkfudksa }kjk fd, x, cgqr ls lko/kuhiw.kZ vè;;uksa
osQ i'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd ,d jkf'k gksrh gS] ftls oS|qr vkos'k dgrs gSa vkSj
;g osQoy nks izdkj osQ gh gks ldrs gSaA oS|qr vkos'k dgykus okyh jkf'k osQ osQoy nks izdkj
gh gksrs gSaA ge dgrs gSa fd IykfLVd ,oa dk¡p dh NM+] js'ke] lewj] ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ vkfn
¯iM fo|qUe; gks x, gSaA jxM+us ij ;s oS|qr vkos'k v£tr dj ysrs gSaA ljoaQMs dh xksfy;ksa ij
fd, x, ;s iz;ksx ;g lq>krs gSa fd vkos'k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa rFkk ge ;g ikrs gSa fd (i) ltkrh;
vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr rFkk (ii) fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA ;s iz;ksx
;g Hkh izn£'kr djrs gSa fd Li'kZ djus ij] vkos'k NM+ ls ljoaQMs dh xksyh esa LFkkukarfjr gks
tkrs gSaA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡ Li'kZ }kjk fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V)
gksrh gSaA og xq.k tks nks izdkj osQ vkos'kksa esa Hksn djrk gS] vkos'k dh /qzork dgykrk gSA
tc dk¡p dh NM+ dks js'ke ls jxM+rs gSa rks NM+ ,d izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrh gS rFkk
js'ke nwljs izdkj dk vkos'k v£tr djrk gSA ;g mu lHkh oLrqvksa osQ ;qxy osQ fy, lR; gS tks
fo|qUe; gksus osQ fy, ijLij jxM+s tkrs gSaA vc ;fn fo|qUe; dk¡p dh NM+ dks ml js'ke osQ
laioZQ esa ykrs gSa ftlls mls jxM+k x;k Fkk] rks os vc ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr ugha djrsA ;s vc
vU; gydh oLrqvksa dks Hkh vkd£"kr vFkok izfrd£"kr ugha djrs tSlk fd ;s fo|qUe; gksus ij
dj jgs FksA
fp=k 1.1 NM+sa rFkk ljoaQMs dh xksfy;k¡% ltkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs
dks izfrd£"kr rFkk fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs dks vkd£"kr djrs gSaA
ljy fLFkj oS|qrdh; iz;ksxksa ls lacaf/r izHkkoh ltho fp=k.k
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/travoltage/HTML/
HkkSfrdh
3
oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k
bl izdkj] jxM+us osQ i'pkr oLrqvksa }kjk v£tr vkos'k vkosf'kr oLrqvksa dks ,d&nwljs osQ
laioZQ esa ykus ij yqIr gks tkrk gSA bu izs{k.kksa ls vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\ ;g rks osQoy
bruk crkrk gS fd oLrqvksa }kjk v£tr fotkrh; vkos'k ,d&nwljs osQ izHkko dks fu"iQy dj nsrs
gSaA blhfy, vesfjdh oSKkfud csatkfeu izsaQdfyu us vkos'kksa dks /ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed dgkA
ge tkurs gSa fd tc ge fdlh /ukRed la[;k dks mlh ifjek.k dh ½.kkRed la[;k ls tksM+rs
gSa rks ;ksxiQy 'kwU; gksrk gSA vkos'kksa dks /ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed uke nsus osQ ihNs Hkh ;gh roZQ
jgk gksxkA ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj dk¡p dh NM+ vFkok fcYyh osQ lewj ij vkos'k /ukRed dgykrk
gS rFkk IykfLVd&NM+ vFkok js'ke ij vkos'k ½.kkRed dgykrk gSA tc fdlh oLrq ij dksbZ
vkos'k gksrk gS rks og oLrq fo|qUe; vFkok vkosf'kr (vkfo"V) dgh tkrh gSA tc ml ij dksbZ
vkos'k ugha gksrk rc mls vukosf'kr dgrs gSaA
fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo dk ,dhdj.k
izkphu dky esa fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo i`FkoQ fo"k; le>s tkrs FksA fo|qr osQ varxZr dk¡p dh NM+ksa] fcYyh osQ lewj]
cSVjh] rfM+r vkfn osQ vkos'kksa ij ppkZ gksrh Fkh tcfd pqacdRo osQ varxZr pqacdksa] ykSg&Nhyu] pqacdh; lqbZ vkfn
esa vU;ksU; fØ;k dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk FkkA lu 1820 bZ- esa MsuekoZQ osQ oSKkfud vkWLVsZM us ;g ik;k fd pqacdh;
lqbZ osQ fudV j[ks rkj ls fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djus ij lqbZ fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA ,sfEi;j rFkk iSQjkMs us bl izs{k.k
dk ;g dgdj iks"k.k fd;k fd xfr'khy vkos'k pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk xfr'khy pqacd fo|qr /kjk mRiUu
djrs gSaA fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo esa ,dhdj.k rc LFkkfir gqvk tc LdkWVySaM osQ HkkSfrdfon eSDlosy rFkk gkWySaM osQ
HkkSfrdfon yksjsat us ,d fl¼kar izfrikfnr fd;k ftlesa mUgksaus ;g n'kkZ;k fd ;s nksuksa fo"k; ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA
bl {ks=k dks oS|qrpqacdRo dgrs gSaA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh vf/dka'k ifj?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k oS|qrpqacdRo osQ varxZr
dh tk ldrh gSA oLrqr% os lHkh cy ftuosQ fo"k; esa ge fopkj djrs gSa] tSls ?k"kZ.k inkFkZ dks la;ksftr j[kus osQ
fy, muosQ ijek.kqvksa osQ chp yxus okyk jklk;fud cy ;gk¡ rd fd lthoksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa gksus okyh izfØ;kvksa
dh O;k[;k djus okys cyksa dk mn~Hko Hkh oS|qrpqacdh; cyksa ls gqvk gSA oS|qrpqacdh; cy izo`Qfr osQ ewy cyksa esa
ls ,d gSA
eSDlosy us pkj lehdj.k izLrqr fd, ftudh Dykfldy oS|qrpqacdRo esa ogh Hkwfedk gS] tks ;kaf=kdh esa U;wVu
dh xfr oQh lehdj.kksa rFkk xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;e dh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh izekf.kr fd;k fd izdk'k dh izo`Qfr
oS|qrpqacdh; gS rFkk bldh pky osQoy fo|qr rFkk pqacdh; ekiksa }kjk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh nkok
fd;k fd izdkf'kdh osQ foKku rFkk fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo esa izxk<+ laca/ gSA
fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo dk foKku vk/qfud izkS|ksfxd lH;rk dh uhao gSA fo|qr 'kfDr] nwjlapkj] jsfM;ks vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku rFkk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx gksus okyh foLr`r izdkj dh izk;ksfxd ;qfDr;k¡ blh foKku osQ fl¼karksa ij
vk/kfjr gaSA ;|fi xfr'khy vkosf'kr d.k fo|qr rFkk pqacdh; nksuksa cy vkjksfir djrs gSa] ijarq ,sls funsZ'k izsQe ftlesa
lHkh vkos'k fojke esa gksa] vkjksfir cy osQoy fo|qr cy gksrs gSaA vki tkurs gSa fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy nh?kZ&ijklh cy
gSA bldk izHkko ogk¡ Hkh vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ vU;ksU; fØ;k djus okys d.kksa osQ chp dh nwjh vR;f/d gksrh
gS D;ksafd ;g cy vU;ksU; fØ;k djus okys fiaMksa osQ chp dh nwjh osQ oxZ osQ O;qRØekuqlkj ?kVrk gSA bl vè;k;
osQ varxZr ge ;g lh[ksaxs fd fo|qr cy Hkh mruk gh O;kid gS rFkk okLro esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dh rqyuk esa ifjek.k
dh dksfV dbZ xquk izcy gS (HkkSfrdh ikB~;iqLrd d{kk 11 dk vè;k; 1 nsf[k,)A
vkos'kksa dh mifLFkfr osQ lalwpu osQ fy, ,d ljy midj.k Lo.kZ i=k fo|qrn'khZ gS
¹fp=k 1.2 (a)ºA blesa ,d ckWDl esa /krq dh ,d NM+ ÅèokZèkjr% yxh gksrh gS ftlosQ fupys
fljs ij lksus osQ ooZQ dh nks ifêð;k¡ c¡/h gksrh gSaA tc dksbZ vkosf'kr oLrq NM+ osQ Åijh fljs
dks Nwrh gS rks NM+ esa gksrk gqvk vkos'k lksus osQ odks± ij vk tkrk gS vkSj os ,d&nwljs ls nwj
gV tkrs gSaA vkos'k ftruk vf/d gksrk gS] odks± osQ fupys fljksa osQ chp mruh gh vf/d nwjh
gks tkrh gSA
4
HkkSfrdh
fo|kFkhZ uhps crk, vuqlkj ljy fo|qrn'khZ cuk ldrs gSa ¹fp=k
1.2(b)]A ijns yVdkus okyh ,syqfefu;e dh ,slh ckjhd NM+
yhft, ftlosQ nksuksa fljksa ij xksys tqM+s gksaA bldk yxHkx 20 cm
yack ,d VqdM+k bl izdkj dkfV, ftlls NM+ dk ,d fljk piVk
rFkk nwljk fljk xksys okyk cu tk,A ,d bruh cM+h cksry yhft,
ftlosQ eaq¡g ij dkWoZQ yxkdj ml dkWoZQ esa Nsn djosQ fp=k esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj bl NM+ dks fiQV fd;k tk losQA NM+ dk xksys okyk fljk
cksry osQ ckgj rFkk dVk fljk cksry osQ Hkhrj j[kuk pkfg,A yack
iryk ,syqfefu;e i=k (yxHkx 6 cm) ysdj bls chp esa eksfM+,
vkSj bls NM+ osQ piVs fljs ij lsY;qyksl&Vsi osQ lkFk tksM+ nhft,A
bl izdkj vkiosQ fo|qrn'khZ osQ i=k cu tkrs gSaA vc dkWoZQ dks cksry
esa bl izdkj fiQV dfj, fd NM+ dk xksys okyk fljk dkWoZQ ls yxHkx
5 cm ckgj fudyk jgsA cksry osQ Hkhrj ,d dkx”k dk iSekuk igys
ls gh i=kksa dh i`Fkdrk dks ekius osQ fy, yxk;k tk ldrk gSA i=kksa
dh i`Fkdrk fo|qrn'khZ ij vkos'k dh ek=kk dh ,d eki gksrh gSA
;g le>us osQ fy, fd fo|qrn'khZ fdl izdkj dk;Z djrk gS
li+sQn dkx”k dh og ifêð;k¡ yhft, ftudk mi;ksx geus vkosf'kr
oLrqvksa }kjk vkd"kZ.k ns[kus osQ fy, fd;k FkkA iêðh dks vk/k eksfM+,
rkfd iêðh ij eksM+ dk fu'kku cu tk,A iêðh dks [kksfy, rFkk bl
ij fp=k 1.3 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj] ioZrh; eksM+ cukdj gydh bLrjh
dhft,A bls eksM+ ij pqVdh Hkjdj idfM+,A vki ;g ik,¡xs fd nksuksa
v/ZHkkx ,d&nwljs ls nwj tkrs gSaA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd bLrjh djus ij
iêðh vkos'k v£tr dj ysrh gSA tc vki iêðh dks vk/k eksM+rs gSa rks nksuksa v/ZHkkxksa ij ltkrh;
vkos'k gksrk gS] vr% os ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs gSaaA i=k fo|qrn'khZ esa Hkh ;gh izHkko fn[kkbZ
nsrk gSA ijns dh NM+ osQ xksys dks fo|qUe; oLrq ls Li'kZ djkus ij ijns dh NM+ ij vkos'k
LFkkukarfjr gksdj mlosQ nwljs fljs ij tqM+s ,syqfefu;e i=kksa ij igq¡p tkrk gSA i=k osQ nksuksa vèkZHkkx
ltkrh; vkos'k v£tr djus osQ dkj.k ,d&nwljs dks izfrd£"kr djrs gSaA i=kksa dh vilkfjrk }kjk
mu ij vkos'k dh ek=kk lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA vkb,] vc igys ;g le>sa fd nzO; ls cuh
oLrq,¡ D;ksa vkos'k dks v£tr djrh gSaA
lHkh inkFkZ ijek.kqvksa vkSj@vFkok v.kqvksa ls cus gSaA ;|fi oLrq,¡ lkekU;r% oS|qr mnklhu
gksrh gSa] muesa vkos'k rks gksrs gSa ijarq muosQ ;s vkos'k Bhd&Bhd larqfyr gksrs gSaA v.kqvksa dks
l¡Hkkyus okyk jklk;fud cy] Bkslksa esa ijek.kqvksa dks ,dlkFk Fkkes j[kus okys cy] xksan dk
vklatd cy] i`"B ruko ls lac¼ cyµbu lHkh cyksa dh ewy izo`Qfr oS|qrh; gS] vkSj ;s
vkosf'kr d.kksa osQ chp yxus okys fo|qr cyksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA bl izdkj] oS|qrpqacdh; cy
loZO;kih gS vkSj ;g gekjs thou ls lac¼ izR;sd {ks=k esa lfEefyr gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS
fd ge bl izdkj osQ cy osQ fo"k; esa vf/d tkudkjh izkIr djsaA
fdlh mnklhu oLrq dks vkosf'kr djus osQ fy, gesa mlls ,d izdkj osQ vkos'k dks tksM+us
vFkok gVkus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd dksbZ oLrq vkosf'kr gS rks ge
lnSo gh bl vkos'k osQ vkf/D; vFkok vHkko dk mYys[k djrs gSaA Bkslksa esa oqQN bysDVªkWu ijek.kq
esa de dldj vkc¼ gksus osQ dkj.k] os vkos'k gksrs gSa tks ,d oLrq ls nwljh oLrq esa LFkkukarfjr
gks tkrs gSaaA bl izdkj dksbZ oLrq vius oqQN bysDVªkWu [kksdj /ukosf'kr gks ldrh gSA blh izdkj
fdlh oLrq dks bysDVªkWu nsdj ½.kkosf'kr Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tc ge dk¡p dh NM+ dks
fp=k 1.2 fo|qrn'khZ (a) Lo.kZ i=k fo|qrn'khZ
(b) ljy fo|qrn'khZ dh :ijs[kkA
fp=k 1.3 dkx”k&iêðh iz;ksxA
5
oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k
js'ke ls jxM+rs gSa rks NM+ osQ oqQN bysDVªkWu js'ke osQ diM+s esa LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gSaA bl izdkj
NM+ /ukosf'kr rFkk js'ke ½.kkosf'kr gks tkrk gSA jxM+us dh izfØ;k esa dksbZ u;k vkos'k mRiUu
ugha gksrkA lkFk gh LFkkukarfjr gksus okys bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k oLrq esa mifLFkr bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k
dh rqyuk esa ,d cgqr NksVk va'k gksrh gSA vkSj osQoy oLrq osQ de dldj vkc¼ bysDVªkWu gh
jxM+dj ,d oLrq ls nwljh oLrq esa LFkkukarfjr fd, tk ldrs gSaA blhfy,] tc fdlh oLrq dks
fdlh vU; oLrq ls jxM+k tkrk gS] rks oLrq,¡ vkosf'kr gks tkrh gSa vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd jxM+
}kjk oLrqvksa ij vk, vkos'k dks n'kkZus osQ fy, gesa inkFkks± osQ oqQN fuf'pr ;qxyksa rd gh vVosQ
jguk iM+rk gSA
1.3  pkyd rFkk fo|qrjks/h
gkFk esa idM+h /krq dh NM+ Åu ls jxM+s tkus ij vkosf'kr gksus dk dksbZ laosQr ugha n'kkZrhA ijarq]
;fn /krq dh NM+ ij ydM+h vFkok IykfLVd dk gaSfMy yxk gS vkSj mlosQ èkkrq osQ Hkkx dks
Li'kZ ugha fd;k x;k gS] rks og vkosf'kr gksus dk laosQr ns nsrh gSA eku yhft, ge fdlh rk¡cs
osQ rkj osQ ,d fljs dks mnklhu ljoaQMs dh xksyh ls tksM+ nsrs gSa rFkk nwljs fljs dks ½.kkosf'kr
IykfLVd&NM+ ls tksM+ nsrs gSa rks ge ;g ikrs gSa fd ljoaQMs dh xksyh ½.kkosf'kr gks tkrh gSA
;fn blh iz;ksx dks ukW;yksu osQ /kxs vFkok jcj osQ NYys osQ lkFk nksgjk,¡ rks IykfLVd&NM+
ls ljoaQMs dh xksyh esa dksbZ vkos'k LFkkukarfjr ugha gksrkA NM+ ls xksyh esa vkos'k osQ LFkkukarfjr
u gksus dk D;k dkj.k gS\
oqQN inkFkZ rqjar gh vius esa ls gksdj fo|qr dks izokfgr gksus nsrs gSa tcfd oqQN vU; ,slk
ugha djrsA tks inkFkZ vklkuh ls vius esa ls gksdj fo|qr dks izokfgr gksus nsrs gSa mUgsa pkyd dgrs
gSaA muesa ,sls oS|qr vkos'k (bysDVªkWu) gksrs gSa tks inkFkZ osQ Hkhrj xfr osQ fy, vis{kko`Qr Lora=k
gksrs gSaA /krq,¡] ekuo rFkk tarq 'kjhj vkSj i`Foh pkyd gSaA dk¡p] ikWlZsysu] IykfLVd] ukW;yksu]
ydM+h tSlh vf/dka'k v/krq,¡ vius ls gksdj izokfgr gksus okyh fo|qr ij mPp izfrjks/
yxkrh gSaA bUgsa fo|qrjks/h dgrs gSaA vf/dka'k inkFkZ Åij o£.kr bu nks oxks± esa ls fdlh ,d esa
vkrs gSaA*
tc oqQN vkos'k fdlh pkyd ij LFkkukarfjr gksrk gS rks og rqjar gh ml pkyd osQ leLr
i`"B ij iSQy tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr ;fn oqQN vkos'k fdlh fo|qrjks/h dks nsa rks og ogha ij
jgrk gSA ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS] ;g vki vxys vè;k; esa lh[ksaxsA
inkFkks± dk ;g xq.k geas crkrk gS fd lw[ks ckyksa esa oaQ?kh djus vFkok jxM+us ij ukW;yksu ;k
IykfLVd dh oaQ?kh D;ksa vkosf'kr gks tkrh gS] ijarq /krq dh oLrq,¡ tSls pEep vkosf'kr D;ksa ugha
gksrh\ /krqvksa ls vkos'k dk {kj.k gekjs 'kjhj ls gksdj /jrh esa gks tkrk gS] ,slk gksus dk dkj.k
;g gS fd /krq rFkk gekjk 'kjhj nksuksa gh fo|qr osQ vPNs pkyd gSaA
tc ge fdlh vkosf'kr oLrq dks i`Foh osQ laioZQ esa ykrs gSa rks mldk vfrfjDr vkos'k
tksM+us okys pkyd (tSls gekjk 'kjhj) esa ls gksrs gq, {kf.kd fo|qr /kjk mRiUu djosQ Hkwfe esa
pyk tkrk gSA vkos'kksa osQ Hkwfe osQ lkFk caVu dh bl izfØ;k dks HkwlaioZQ.k (Hkwlai£dr djuk)
dgrs gSaA HkwlaioZQ.k fo|qr ifjiFkksa ,oa vuqiz;qfDr;ksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, dh xbZ ,d O;oLFkk gSA
/krq dh ,d eksVh IysV dks Hkwfe esa xgjkbZ rd xkM+k tkrk gS rFkk bl IysV ls eksVs rkjksa dks
fudkydj Hkouksa esa bu rkjksa dk mi;ksx eq[; vkiw£r osQ fudV HkwlaioZQ.k osQ fy, fd;k tkrk
* ,d rhljh Js.kh ftls v/Zpkyd dgrs gSa] vkos'kksa dh xfr esa vojks/ mRiUu djrh gSA bl vojks/
dk ifjekk.k pkydksa rFkk fo|qrjksf/;ksa osQ eè;orhZ gksrk gSA