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Project Loon

Project Loon, initiated by Google, aimed to provide internet connectivity to remote areas using high-altitude helium-filled balloons. Launched in 2013, the project sought to create aerial wireless networks in the stratosphere to deliver internet access to underserved regions. However, the project was discontinued in 2021 due to challenges in achieving commercial viability. The technology and expertise developed through Loon have since been leveraged in other initiatives. For instance, Alphabet, Google's parent company, has partnered with telecom operators to provide internet access in disaster-stricken and underserved regions. Additionally, other companies like SpaceX with its Starlink project are working on providing global internet coverage through satellite constellations, highlighting ongoing efforts to bridge the digital divide using advanced technologies.

While Project Loon is no longer operational, its legacy continues through these new ventures. The project demonstrated the potential of using the stratosphere for connectivity and has inspired further innovations in the field of aerial and satellite-based internet solutions.

Helium Balloons

• The balloons are 15 metres wide and 12 metres tall. They are launched at an altitude of 20 km above the earth, that is above the zone where the airplanes fly. These balloons act as cell towers receiving and transmitting signals. The balloons are powered by solar panels.
• The path of the balloons is controlled by changing its altitude. They use the wind speed and direction to move up or down. The altitude is changed by pumping or releasing air. When one station moves off to a pre-determined position, the next balloon moves in.
• The users need special antenna to receive and transmit signals from and to the balloon.
• The inflatable part of the balloon is called “Balloon Envelope”.
• The panels in the balloon produce 100 watts of power when completely exposed to the sun.
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IoT

• Internet of things is an integrated system in which devices are connected in a network of information in such a way that they can communicate with each other without any human intervention. As of 2025, the number of connected IoT devices is projected to reach 75 billion, driving innovations across sectors.
• It creates an intelligent system of systems which can manage multiple activities of human concern like traffic control, health management, optimal use of electricity and inventory management etc. In India, IoT is transforming agriculture through smart farming techniques, enhancing productivity and sustainability.
• IoT requires data to work. This data is then turned into meaningful information for processing. Accessibility to data is indispensable for the working of IoT and this is being facilitated by digitization. The integration of IoT with 5G technology is set to revolutionize connectivity, offering faster and more reliable networks for IoT applications.
• Digitization is a process which interconnects the world into an integrated network enabling sharing of data and information across systems. Thus, IoT connects devices but this connectivity is provided by digitization of information. In brief, digitization is an enabler of IoT. Under the Digital India initiative, digitization has accelerated, enabling IoT to flourish.

How Digitization will Help IoT

• Data provision: Internet of things bringing the physical, digital, cyber and virtual worlds together requires extensive information processing capabilities provided by digitization.
• Connectivity: With complete and proper digitization more and more people will be connected with the internet that make people aware about the internet of things and its uses.
• Digitization is increasing in India under the Digital India mission and the market of IoT too is growing day by day. Both are useful in the following ways –
• Standardize the economy: usage of them would modernize our business practices, banking structure and trade market. They develop a hedge against adversity and soothe the process of a landmark transformation.
• Easier mode of payment: Anyone can make transactions very easily without any physical contact between consumer and producer.
• Reduce tax theft: By promoting digitization one cannot hide its expenditure and gain so that will come under the eye of the government.
• Facilitating and enabling the environment: IoT would ease the process of work by managing areas like insurance, bills, regulation of energy usages, loan installment and other periodical liabilities. It would save man hours and would increase their economic productivity ultimately boosting the growth of Indian economy.
• Easier lives: Example: Healthcare system- better tracking of cholesterol level, blood pressure level and sugar level would enable early tracking of health changes and would make India a country of healthy people with reduced health expenditures.

Challenges of IoT

• Lack of easy and cheaper access to smartphones
• Cyber frauds and cyber crimes
• Digital Divide
• large amount of data can be tracked for surveillance and also for intrusion into personal matters
• Privacy issues
• Use by non state actors to create security threat
• Big MNC companies have more access to resources and thus can bare inequality

Cloud Computing

• It is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
• The Government of India is embracing cloud computing technology for expanding its e-governance initiatives throughout the country. In India, the focus of e-governance is to reduce corruption and ensure the government schemes are reaching people living in rural areas of the country. Further, e-governance services ensure quicker service delivery and eliminate the involvement of middlemen who tend to capitalize on loopholes for quick money by means of exploiting people.
• In order to utilise and harness the benefits of Cloud Computing, Government of India has embarked upon an ambitious initiative – “GI Cloud” which has been named as ‘MeghRaj’. This initiative is to implement various components including governance mechanisms to ensure proliferation of Cloud in the government. The focus of this initiative is to accelerate delivery of e-services in the country while optimizing ICT spending of the Government.
• MeghRaj will ensure optimum utilization of the infrastructure and speed up the development and deployment of eGov applications. The architectural vision of GI Cloud encompasses a set of discrete cloud computing environments spread across multiple locations, built on existing or new (augmented) infrastructure, following a set of common protocols, guidelines and standards issued by the Government of India. As of 2025, the Indian cloud market is estimated to be worth $10 billion, driven by demand for scalable IT solutions.

Advantages

• Seamless Connectivity: Cloud-based software offers companies from all sectors a number of benefits, including the ability to use software from any device either via a native app or a browser. As a result, users can carry their files and settings over to other devices in a completely seamless manner.
• Higher Accessibility: Cloud computing is far more than just accessing files on multiple devices. Thanks to cloud computing services, users can check their email on any computer and even store files using services such as Dropbox and Google Drive.
• Improved Disaster Recovery: Cloud computing services also make it possible for users to back up their music, files, and photos, ensuring those files are immediately available in the event of a hard drive crash.
• Cost-Saving: It also offers big businesses huge cost-saving potential. Before the cloud became a viable alternative, companies were required to purchase, construct, and maintain costly information management technology and infrastructure.
• Scalability: can be improvised to cater to increased demand, say in SMART city mission
• Companies can swap costly server centers and IT departments for fast Internet connections, where employees interact with the cloud online to complete their tasks.
• The cloud structure allows individuals to save storage space on their desktops or laptops.
• Increased Collaboration and flexibility: It also lets users upgrade software more quickly because software companies can offer their products via the web rather than through more traditional, tangible methods involving discs or flash drives.
• For example, Adobe customers can access applications in its Creative Suite through an Internet-based subscription. This allows users to download new versions and fixes to their programs easily.
• Environmentally friendly: Cloud computing reduces a company’s carbon footprint by minimizing energy consumption and carbon emissions by more than 30%. For small businesses, the decreased energy usage can reach up to 90% = A huge money saver.

Cloud Computing in Indian Governance

• E-Gram Panchayat
  • The majority of the Indian population lives in villages, and the Panchayats represent the face of governance for these villagers. To improve the quality of governance, the Indian government initiated an e-governance scheme known as ePanchayat to simplify and enhance internal government operations. The module was constructed in 4 phases of e-governance.
• Indian Railways on Cloud
  • Governed by the Central Railway Ministry of India, the Indian railway network is the largest rail network in Asia and second-largest rail network in the world. A research carried by the railway ministry says out of 17 million passengers every day, only 1 million passengers carry confirmed rail tickets. This results in substantial monetary loss. To avoid loss, the Indian government decided to implement cloud technology for Indian railways. As of 2025, the central government maintains the railway data on the cloud, fully transitioning to cloud-based systems for managing passenger data, ticketing, and logistics.
• Kisan Suvidha
  • The Indian government came up with the portal Kisan Suvidha to help farmers with the relevant information instantly. It delivers farmers with detailed knowledge on weather, market prices, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agriculture machinery, dealers, agro advisories, plant protection and IPM practices. It notifies them with extreme weather conditions and the changing market price. The portal now integrates IoT data from smart farming devices, providing real-time updates on soil health and crop conditions.
• DigiLocker
  • DigiLocker is the public cloud-based storage introduced by the Indian government for the citizens of India. It is much more than an online drive where you upload your documents to be accessed depending on your convenience. The documents are digitally verified and signed by the government of India in a few seconds with an authentic DigiLocker verification seal. As of 2025, DigiLocker has expanded to over 100 million users, offering integration with Aadhaar, driving licenses, and educational certificates.
• e-Hospital
  • e-Hospital is the cloud-based healthcare projected implemented by the government of India to ease the process of healthcare management. The system was designed to speed up services like online registration, payment of fees and appointment, online diagnostic reports, checking on the availability of blood online, etc. This hospital model assigns a unique identification number to every patient at the time of registration. The medical history of a particular patient can be accessed using the number. The system now includes telemedicine services, enhancing healthcare access in remote areas.
• In India, cloud computing has ensured the success of national initiatives and schemes such as Swachh Bharat Mission, e-Hospital, National Scholarship, My-Gov and e-Transport.
• One of India’s most landmark initiatives, the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) uses a multi-cloud architecture to ensure scalability. As of 2025, the GeM serves over 100,000 buyer organisations and has a listing of over 25 lakh products and more than 100,000 services.
• NIC’s SaaS-based service, S3WaaS, has empowered district administrators to create, configure and deploy scalable and accessible websites without much effort and technical knowledge.
• The National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), announced last year that it had gone fully digital with the launch of a unique cloud-based and AI-powered big analytics platform. All project documents and correspondences related to NHAI will be stored in a cloud-based data lake, which is linked with GIS tagging and a unique project ID, so that project data can be retrieved easily from any location.
• The Indian Railways has given the responsibility of deploying open source Hospital Management Information System (HMIS), an integrated clinical information system, for its 125 health facilities and 650 polyclinics across the country for improved hospital administration and patient healthcare, using a cloud platform.

Limitations

• With all of the speed, efficiencies, and innovations that come with cloud computing, there are naturally risks.
• Security has always been a big concern with the cloud especially when it comes to sensitive medical records and financial information.
• While regulations force cloud computing services to shore up their security and compliance measures, it remains an ongoing issue. Encryption protects vital information, but if that encryption key is lost, the data disappears.
• Servers maintained by cloud computing companies may fall victim to natural disasters, internal bugs, and power outages, too.
• The geographical reach of cloud computing cuts both ways: A blackout in California could paralyze users in New York, and a firm in Texas could lose its data if something causes its Maine-based provider to crash.
• As with any technology, there is a learning curve for both employees and managers. But with many individuals accessing and manipulating information through single portal, inadvertent mistakes can transfer across an entire system.
• Maintenance costs: While the upfront or capital cost for the cloud-based server is very low compared to traditional hosting, the cloud server requires the same amount to be paid each month to maintain both servers as well as data.
• Internet connectivity: For cloud-based services, consistent internet connection is important because if any one of the cloud-based service providers loses connectivity, then the company will be out of business until that internet connection returns.
• A common argument from critics is that cloud computing cannot succeed because it means that organizations must lose control of their data, such as an email provider that stores data in multiple locations around the world. A large regulated company, like a bank, might be required to store data in the United States.

Conclusion

Cloud computing can further the motive of e-governance (service delivery, transparency, citizen awareness and grievance redressal) by providing a faster, easier and cost-effective platform that can be used by multiple government agencies. Way ahead lies in taking due care of security, interoperability and licensing.