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FAQs on Old NCERT Textbook (RS Sharma): The Later Vedic Phase: Transition to State and Social Formation - History for UPSC CSE

1. What is the later Vedic phase and why is it important in the study of Indian history?
Ans. The later Vedic phase refers to the period between 1000 BCE and 600 BCE in ancient India when the composition of the later Vedic texts took place. This phase is important in the study of Indian history because it marks a transition from the earlier Vedic period to a more complex social and political formation. It witnessed the emergence of new social institutions, the growth of agriculture, the development of towns, and the rise of territorial kingdoms.
2. How did the later Vedic phase lead to the formation of states in ancient India?
Ans. The later Vedic phase played a crucial role in the formation of states in ancient India. During this period, large-scale territorial states began to emerge, replacing the earlier tribal polities. This transition was facilitated by the introduction of iron technology, which led to increased agricultural productivity, surplus production, and the concentration of wealth in the hands of certain sections of society. The surplus wealth and resources allowed certain powerful families to assert their authority and establish control over territories, eventually leading to the formation of states.
3. What were the social changes that occurred during the later Vedic phase?
Ans. The later Vedic phase witnessed significant social changes in ancient India. One of the major changes was the emergence of a new social order based on varna (caste) system. Society became more stratified, and the four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) became more distinct. The Brahmins assumed higher status as the priests and custodians of religious rituals, while Kshatriyas became the ruling class. Another significant change was the decline of women's status, as patriarchal norms and practices became more prevalent.
4. How did the later Vedic phase contribute to the development of agriculture and urbanization in ancient India?
Ans. The later Vedic phase marked a significant shift towards agriculture and urbanization in ancient India. With the introduction of iron tools and techniques, agriculture became more productive, leading to surplus food production. The surplus food enabled the growth of towns and cities, as people engaged in specialized occupations other than agriculture. The urban centers became important hubs of trade and commerce, with the exchange of goods and services contributing to economic growth and urban development.
5. What were the major characteristics of the territorial kingdoms that emerged during the later Vedic phase?
Ans. The territorial kingdoms that emerged during the later Vedic phase had some key characteristics. They were often ruled by powerful and ambitious kings who sought to expand their territories through military conquests. These kingdoms had well-defined boundaries and centralized administrative systems. The kings relied on their loyal nobles and warriors to maintain control over the territories. The kingdoms also had coinage systems, which facilitated trade and commerce.
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