Reproductive health encompasses which four areas according to the WHO?

Physical, emotional, behavioral, and social aspects of reproduction.

What is the significance of maintaining reproductive health in a society?

It ensures individuals have functioning reproductive organs and can engage in healthy emotional and behavioral interactions related to reproduction.

What year did India initiate its family planning programmes, which later evolved into Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes?

1951

The development of 'Saheli', an oral contraceptive for females, was achieved by scientists at which institute in India?

Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow

What factors contributed to the explosive population growth observed in the 20th century?

The decline in death rates, including maternal and infant mortality rates, and the increase in the number of people in reproductive age contributed significantly to population growth.

The government measures implemented to control population growth were necessary due to a growth rate of less than ___ percent according to the 2011 census.

2

What indicators reflect an improvement in reproductive health as mentioned in the content?

Increased awareness about sex-related matters, higher rates of medically assisted deliveries, better post-natal care, smaller family sizes, and improved detection and treatment of STDs.

What are the ideal characteristics that contraceptives should possess?

Contraceptives should be user-friendly, widely available, highly effective, reversible, have minimal or no side effects, and should not interfere with sexual drive, desire, or the sexual act.

Explain the principle behind the Lactational Amenorrhea Method of contraception.

The Lactational Amenorrhea Method operates on the principle that exclusive breastfeeding suppresses ovulation and the menstrual cycle, significantly reducing the chances of conception during the first six months postpartum.

The withdrawal method, also known as coitus interruptus, aims to prevent conception by ___ just before ejaculation.

withdrawing the penis from the vagina

What are the primary functions of condoms in sexual health?

Condoms prevent the ejaculate from entering the female reproductive tract, thereby reducing the chances of conception, and they also protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS.

Describe the mechanism by which diaphragms and cervical caps prevent conception.

Diaphragms and cervical caps are rubber barriers inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix, blocking sperm from entering and preventing fertilization.

What distinguishes copper-releasing IUDs from hormone-releasing IUDs?

Copper-releasing IUDs, like CuT and Multiload 375, use copper to prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg, while hormone-releasing IUDs, such as Progestasert and LNG-20, release hormones to thicken cervical mucus and inhibit ovulation.

How do IUDs enhance sperm phagocytosis in the uterus?

IUDs enhance sperm phagocytosis by releasing copper ions that create an inflammatory response in the uterus, promoting the action of immune cells that engulf sperm.

What are the main mechanisms by which hormonal IUDs prevent pregnancy?

Hormonal IUDs prevent pregnancy by making the uterine environment inhospitable for implantation, thickening cervical mucus to inhibit sperm entry, and suppressing ovulation.

Saheli is a new oral contraceptive that is taken ___ and is known for having ___ side effects.

Saheli is a new oral contraceptive that is taken once a week and is known for having very few side effects.

What are the primary surgical methods of sterilization for males and females, and how do they differ in their procedures?

The primary surgical methods of sterilization are vasectomy for males and tubectomy for females. Vasectomy involves removing or tying off a small section of the vas deferens through a small incision in the scrotum, while tubectomy involves removing or tying off a small section of the fallopian tubes through an incision in the abdomen or vagina.

Discuss the effectiveness and reversibility of vasectomy and tubectomy as methods of sterilization.

Both vasectomy and tubectomy are highly effective in preventing pregnancy; however, neither procedure is easily reversible, making them permanent methods of sterilization.

What considerations should be taken into account when selecting a contraceptive method, according to the provided content?

When selecting a contraceptive method, it is crucial to consult qualified medical professionals to choose a suitable option based on personal reasons for preventing, delaying, or spacing pregnancies. Additionally, understanding the potential side effects of contraceptives, such as nausea or irregular bleeding, is important.

What are the primary reasons women seek medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)?

Women seek MTP primarily due to unwanted pregnancies resulting from unprotected intercourse, contraceptive failure, or rape.

MTP is generally considered safe during which trimester of pregnancy?

MTP is generally considered safe during the first trimester, up to 12 weeks of pregnancy.

Illegal practices in MTP often involve the misuse of ___ to determine the sex of the unborn child.

amniocentesis

What are the primary methods of transmission for STIs like HIV and hepatitis-B?

HIV and hepatitis-B can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles, surgical instruments, blood transfusions, or from an infected mother to the fetus.

Why is it challenging to detect STIs early in infected females?

Infected females may be asymptomatic, meaning they show no symptoms, which can lead to a lack of detection and delayed treatment.

Complications from untreated STIs can lead to severe health issues such as ___ and ___.

infertility and cancer of the reproductive tract

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive despite ___ and ___.

regular unprotected sexual intercourse

What is the primary purpose of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in assisted reproductive technologies?

To facilitate fertilization outside the body under laboratory conditions

List two challenges faced by couples seeking assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

High cost and emotional/social considerations