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Provincial Painting: Deccan Painting | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Introduction

Emergence of Distinct Painting Style in the Deccan:

  • A unique style of painting developed in the kingdoms of  Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda during the late 15th century, predating Mughal painting.
  • The Decanni style reached its peak in the 17th century, showcasing its distinct characteristics.
  • In addition to traditional portraits and illustrations for literary works, there are instances of illustrated chronicles, such as the Tuzuk-i-Asafiya.

Court Patronage

  • Ahmadnagar: Illustrated manuscript of Ta’rif-i Husain Shahi.
  • Bijapur: Illustrated manuscript of Nujum-ul-Ulum, commissioned by Ali Adil Shah, who had several painters at his court.
  • Ibrahim Adil Shah (1580-1627): An accomplished painter, calligraphist, musician, and poet, he was the greatest of the Bijapur line.
  • By the late 16th century, a new tradition of painting known as Ragamala emerged in Ahmadnagar and Bijapur.
  • The Ragamala painting tradition reached its peak during this period.
  • Golkonda: Another category of Deccan paintings depicts the pomp and grandeur of royal processions.
  • Several such paintings from the reign of Abdulla Qutb Shah (1626-72) of Golkonda have survived.
  • Hyderabad: Notable paintings include Azam Shah returning from bird-shooting and approaching his pleasure garden at the foot of Golconda fort, and works from the album of Himmatyar Khan, a noble of the Nizam’s court.

Style and Themes

Formation of the Deccani Tradition in Art
Persian Influence:

  • The Deccani tradition shows a strong influence from the Persian tradition.
  • However, this influence is not applied with the same level of precision and discipline as seen in Persian paintings.
  • Many features were adopted without the refinement characteristic of Persian art.

Mughal Influence:

  • The Deccani tradition was also shaped by the Mughal school of painting.
  • This influence was facilitated through exchanges of artists between the courts and the gifting of paintings.
  • Some Deccani works, particularly from Bijapur, found their way into albums compiled by Mughal emperors like Akbar and Jahangir.
  • Notably, Ibrahim Adil Shah II's daughter was married to Prince Daniyal Mirza, Akbar's son, and the wedding gifts included volumes of paintings, further linking the Deccan to the Mughal tradition.

Rajput Influence:

  • There was also a cross-influence with Rajput painting.
  • Some Rajput princes served as generals in the Mughal armies operating in the Deccan, leading to Deccan influences in early Rajput painting.
  • In many instances, Deccani painters likely migrated to Rajput courts as their own patrons lost power.

Originality in Deccani Paintings:

  • Despite the various influences, Deccani paintings should not be viewed merely as derivatives.
  • The finest examples of Deccan art creatively reinterpret external suggestions, achieving a level of aesthetic originality.

The features typical of Deccan paintings are

  • Hierarchical scaling in Deccani painting involves making the principal figure larger than subordinate figures.
  • Richness of the palette is evident in the use of white and gold, which are unique to Deccani miniatures. Typical jewelry, such as the plaque of a necklace, is also a distinguishing feature.
  • Exaggerated swirls of the girdle and stole, particularly in feminine figures, are a notable characteristic.
  • Intersection of diagonals creates an arch around the principal figures, adding to the composition.
  • Acomposite animal, a large creature made up of smaller images of different animals, is a Deccan specialty.
  • Rulers often have large haloes, following the Mughal tradition.
  • Servants fan their masters or mistresses with cloths instead of the usual chowris or peacock-feather fans, and swords typically have the straight Deccan form.
  • Elephants held great popularity in both the life and art of the Deccani courts.
  • Drawings with marbling effects in the bodies of horses and elephants were also a genre in Deccani art.
  • Unlike Mughal painting, studies of animals or plants were less common in the Deccan and often portrayed in a less realistic style with a fanciful palette of intense colors.
  • African figures like Malik Ambar of Ahmadnagar and Ikhlas Khan of Bijapur, who rose to prominence in the Deccan, are notable subjects of portraits.
  • Deccani painting flourished in the late 16th and 17th centuries but declined as the Mughals gradually conquered the region.
The document Provincial Painting: Deccan Painting | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) is a part of the UPSC Course History Optional for UPSC (Notes).
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FAQs on Provincial Painting: Deccan Painting - History Optional for UPSC (Notes)

1. What is the significance of court patronage in Deccan painting?
Ans. Court patronage played a crucial role in the development of Deccan painting, as it provided financial support and resources for artists. Royal courts were key patrons, commissioning works that reflected their power, culture, and taste. This patronage led to the flourishing of unique artistic styles and themes that combined local traditions with influences from Persian and Mughal art.
2. What are the main styles and themes found in Deccan painting?
Ans. Deccan painting is characterized by its rich colors, intricate details, and unique stylistic elements. Common themes include courtly life, nature, and religious motifs. The use of vibrant colors and decorative patterns is prominent, along with the portrayal of figures in dynamic poses. The blending of Hindu and Islamic artistic traditions creates a distinctive style that is both expressive and ornate.
3. How does Deccan painting differ from other Indian art forms?
Ans. Deccan painting differs from other Indian art forms like Mughal or Rajput painting in its use of color, composition, and thematic focus. While Mughal paintings often emphasize realism and detailed backgrounds, Deccan paintings tend to be more stylized, with a focus on decorative elements and vibrant color palettes. Additionally, Deccan art reflects a unique synthesis of regional influences and narratives.
4. What historical factors influenced the evolution of Deccan painting?
Ans. The evolution of Deccan painting was influenced by several historical factors, including the rise of regional kingdoms, cultural exchanges due to trade and diplomacy, and the patronage of local rulers. The Deccan Sultanates, in particular, encouraged artistic innovation, leading to a blending of indigenous and Persian styles. The historical context of religious and social dynamics also shaped the themes and subjects depicted in the artworks.
5. What are some notable examples of Deccan painting?
Ans. Notable examples of Deccan painting include the works produced in the courts of the Golconda and Bijapur Sultanates. The "Ragamala" series, which illustrates the emotions associated with different musical modes, is a significant example. Additionally, the depiction of the "Dancing Girl" and various portraits of nobles highlight the intricate artistry and thematic richness of Deccan paintings, showcasing the skill and creativity of the artists of that era.
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