Page 1
1
2
!
"
#
!
#
"
$ % &'
(
$
)
* +!
#
"
$,,%&'
-$.%&'
.$%&'
! $-%&'
#'
-''/
"
+ '$- ! 0
)
1 !)$1
!
!
*1
1
+!
$
0 1
2
+ "
0 1 2
31)"
)
"
2
4&$,
&'
-
! .
+
+*!"
+*!"
'$&'5
+*!
"
4&$6%&'
'$'','7
'$'&7
'$667 ! &$,7
*#"
*+!
&$,%&'
'$&5" !
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5 ! 8$
9
:
+!
; *
1 (
<
=>
?>
">
! )>
!
2 *
21
1 ,$ % &'
+$9
!
! !
<
!
'$.5+$
!!
!
1
$
!
!
$
!
*
$
@
2
2( ) 2( ) ( )
11
NO NO
22
gg g
1
2
K
!
9+
1 '$&5!'$'&5"
0!<
$'
6$'
&$'- ! &$,.
#
+!
!
<
*!
!2 "
#2
>
2 "
! #
!2"
Page 2
1
2
!
"
#
!
#
"
$ % &'
(
$
)
* +!
#
"
$,,%&'
-$.%&'
.$%&'
! $-%&'
#'
-''/
"
+ '$- ! 0
)
1 !)$1
!
!
*1
1
+!
$
0 1
2
+ "
0 1 2
31)"
)
"
2
4&$,
&'
-
! .
+
+*!"
+*!"
'$&'5
+*!
"
4&$6%&'
'$'','7
'$'&7
'$667 ! &$,7
*#"
*+!
&$,%&'
'$&5" !
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5 ! 8$
9
:
+!
; *
1 (
<
=>
?>
">
! )>
!
2 *
21
1 ,$ % &'
+$9
!
! !
<
!
'$.5+$
!!
!
1
$
!
!
$
!
*
$
@
2
2( ) 2( ) ( )
11
NO NO
22
gg g
1
2
K
!
9+
1 '$&5!'$'&5"
0!<
$'
6$'
&$'- ! &$,.
#
+!
!
<
*!
!2 "
#2
>
2 "
! #
!2"
9
+
!
<
"
"!"
"
"
!
"
?
!
?
! "
!"
#
"
2#" 2#=!#@
+
1 *2&$&%&'
2&$A%&'
2.$'%&'
2
A$%&'
$9
+
+ #
!!!
" 2
=2@!
"
<
#=
#
"
#@ ! #"
9
1
+
<
B4C$'
B4$'
4C$'
! 4$'
@ 1
+
&$, % &'
2
*
* +!
!+!
! *
$
9
1
+<
/"
"
"
! ")
D3
E*
2 ?B4,$;F2
2
#
"
#
"
#
"
.B"
4A$&-F/
$%&'
A$'%&'
$G%&'
! 6$G%&'
> 1
2
! !
*
* !
+
* !
!
!
*
+ ! !
+$
> 1 0
2
!
+
!
2 +
1 *$#
+
!
2! *
1!
H '
I '
4 '
!
p
p
K
K
/5
++!/
5
+
2
5
5
5
-
+
*1
* !!
"
)
" ! /
9
; *
(
<
=>
?>
" ! >
#
! "
2
! ! + !
$ @ '$&' 5
2
!$67!
$
1 !
2
2
!
&$-%&'
&$-%&'
$6%&'
! $A%&'
!
#&''B"
..1
.B"$9
+ <
..4&$6-
6$''
6$A6
.$& ! ,$&
!
1
""
!""
-$6%&'
!&$%&'
+
1 *.B"$
@ 0 !
2
"
<
.$A&%&'
5
,$A.,%&'
5
$,',%&'
5 ! 6$6-,%&'
5
!
!
;
!
&%&'
$@!++
+4.2J) K J#
!K !
Page 3
1
2
!
"
#
!
#
"
$ % &'
(
$
)
* +!
#
"
$,,%&'
-$.%&'
.$%&'
! $-%&'
#'
-''/
"
+ '$- ! 0
)
1 !)$1
!
!
*1
1
+!
$
0 1
2
+ "
0 1 2
31)"
)
"
2
4&$,
&'
-
! .
+
+*!"
+*!"
'$&'5
+*!
"
4&$6%&'
'$'','7
'$'&7
'$667 ! &$,7
*#"
*+!
&$,%&'
'$&5" !
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5 ! 8$
9
:
+!
; *
1 (
<
=>
?>
">
! )>
!
2 *
21
1 ,$ % &'
+$9
!
! !
<
!
'$.5+$
!!
!
1
$
!
!
$
!
*
$
@
2
2( ) 2( ) ( )
11
NO NO
22
gg g
1
2
K
!
9+
1 '$&5!'$'&5"
0!<
$'
6$'
&$'- ! &$,.
#
+!
!
<
*!
!2 "
#2
>
2 "
! #
!2"
9
+
!
<
"
"!"
"
"
!
"
?
!
?
! "
!"
#
"
2#" 2#=!#@
+
1 *2&$&%&'
2&$A%&'
2.$'%&'
2
A$%&'
$9
+
+ #
!!!
" 2
=2@!
"
<
#=
#
"
#@ ! #"
9
1
+
<
B4C$'
B4$'
4C$'
! 4$'
@ 1
+
&$, % &'
2
*
* +!
!+!
! *
$
9
1
+<
/"
"
"
! ")
D3
E*
2 ?B4,$;F2
2
#
"
#
"
#
"
.B"
4A$&-F/
$%&'
A$'%&'
$G%&'
! 6$G%&'
> 1
2
! !
*
* !
+
* !
!
!
*
+ ! !
+$
> 1 0
2
!
+
!
2 +
1 *$#
+
!
2! *
1!
H '
I '
4 '
!
p
p
K
K
/5
++!/
5
+
2
5
5
5
-
+
*1
* !!
"
)
" ! /
9
; *
(
<
=>
?>
" ! >
#
! "
2
! ! + !
$ @ '$&' 5
2
!$67!
$
1 !
2
2
!
&$-%&'
&$-%&'
$6%&'
! $A%&'
!
#&''B"
..1
.B"$9
+ <
..4&$6-
6$''
6$A6
.$& ! ,$&
!
1
""
!""
-$6%&'
!&$%&'
+
1 *.B"$
@ 0 !
2
"
<
.$A&%&'
5
,$A.,%&'
5
$,',%&'
5 ! 6$6-,%&'
5
!
!
;
!
&%&'
$@!++
+4.2J) K J#
!K !
-.
&'&
.- ! &&'
!
+! =
&$
1
*+!
=
$%&'
.$'%&'
-$'%&'
! .$'%&'
L
++! + *$9
!+1 <
="
# "
(" ! ="
= 1
!* !
; *
1 !
!
!!!
! ;
! ! ;
!!
;
*
*1 0
! * 1 0! 1 +$
31
2
gg g
1 6A+
+$
91
+<
gg g
&$A%&'
$,%&'
,$'%&'
! &$%&'
"#
31
+!
*$
!%
1
+!
$%
$
gg g
AB AB #
2
$
4$'%&'
52 %
4-$%&'
52
$%4$A%&'
5
@
;+
!1
.6B"21
$'
&$G
'$, ! -$.
"#
1 ?&
'
-
'
8$
> '
1!
+ ! +
+ ! +
+ ! +
! + ! +
#
++!
'$' 5 !
'$' 5$ @
2
&$A%&'
2 + <
$64'$-
G$'A
G$-
&&$6 ! A$6
9
; *
1
(
<
=>
!
>
2
2
$
2
9
2
1
2
KK
KK
KK
!
KK
@ 1 *2 +@
+!
*
+
+
! $#
*
#
! ?
'$&'5$#" !!!
"
'$&'5$9
#
!?
<
#" 4 &$A % &'
2
?
"
4&$6%&'
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4A$.%&'
5
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
! J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
"#
@ + ! =
&2 1
-$''%&'
5
-$''%&'
5
.$''%&'
5
! .$''%&'
5
Page 4
1
2
!
"
#
!
#
"
$ % &'
(
$
)
* +!
#
"
$,,%&'
-$.%&'
.$%&'
! $-%&'
#'
-''/
"
+ '$- ! 0
)
1 !)$1
!
!
*1
1
+!
$
0 1
2
+ "
0 1 2
31)"
)
"
2
4&$,
&'
-
! .
+
+*!"
+*!"
'$&'5
+*!
"
4&$6%&'
'$'','7
'$'&7
'$667 ! &$,7
*#"
*+!
&$,%&'
'$&5" !
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5 ! 8$
9
:
+!
; *
1 (
<
=>
?>
">
! )>
!
2 *
21
1 ,$ % &'
+$9
!
! !
<
!
'$.5+$
!!
!
1
$
!
!
$
!
*
$
@
2
2( ) 2( ) ( )
11
NO NO
22
gg g
1
2
K
!
9+
1 '$&5!'$'&5"
0!<
$'
6$'
&$'- ! &$,.
#
+!
!
<
*!
!2 "
#2
>
2 "
! #
!2"
9
+
!
<
"
"!"
"
"
!
"
?
!
?
! "
!"
#
"
2#" 2#=!#@
+
1 *2&$&%&'
2&$A%&'
2.$'%&'
2
A$%&'
$9
+
+ #
!!!
" 2
=2@!
"
<
#=
#
"
#@ ! #"
9
1
+
<
B4C$'
B4$'
4C$'
! 4$'
@ 1
+
&$, % &'
2
*
* +!
!+!
! *
$
9
1
+<
/"
"
"
! ")
D3
E*
2 ?B4,$;F2
2
#
"
#
"
#
"
.B"
4A$&-F/
$%&'
A$'%&'
$G%&'
! 6$G%&'
> 1
2
! !
*
* !
+
* !
!
!
*
+ ! !
+$
> 1 0
2
!
+
!
2 +
1 *$#
+
!
2! *
1!
H '
I '
4 '
!
p
p
K
K
/5
++!/
5
+
2
5
5
5
-
+
*1
* !!
"
)
" ! /
9
; *
(
<
=>
?>
" ! >
#
! "
2
! ! + !
$ @ '$&' 5
2
!$67!
$
1 !
2
2
!
&$-%&'
&$-%&'
$6%&'
! $A%&'
!
#&''B"
..1
.B"$9
+ <
..4&$6-
6$''
6$A6
.$& ! ,$&
!
1
""
!""
-$6%&'
!&$%&'
+
1 *.B"$
@ 0 !
2
"
<
.$A&%&'
5
,$A.,%&'
5
$,',%&'
5 ! 6$6-,%&'
5
!
!
;
!
&%&'
$@!++
+4.2J) K J#
!K !
-.
&'&
.- ! &&'
!
+! =
&$
1
*+!
=
$%&'
.$'%&'
-$'%&'
! .$'%&'
L
++! + *$9
!+1 <
="
# "
(" ! ="
= 1
!* !
; *
1 !
!
!!!
! ;
! ! ;
!!
;
*
*1 0
! * 1 0! 1 +$
31
2
gg g
1 6A+
+$
91
+<
gg g
&$A%&'
$,%&'
,$'%&'
! &$%&'
"#
31
+!
*$
!%
1
+!
$%
$
gg g
AB AB #
2
$
4$'%&'
52 %
4-$%&'
52
$%4$A%&'
5
@
;+
!1
.6B"21
$'
&$G
'$, ! -$.
"#
1 ?&
'
-
'
8$
> '
1!
+ ! +
+ ! +
+ ! +
! + ! +
#
++!
'$' 5 !
'$' 5$ @
2
&$A%&'
2 + <
$64'$-
G$'A
G$-
&&$6 ! A$6
9
; *
1
(
<
=>
!
>
2
2
$
2
9
2
1
2
KK
KK
KK
!
KK
@ 1 *2 +@
+!
*
+
+
! $#
*
#
! ?
'$&'5$#" !!!
"
'$&'5$9
#
!?
<
#" 4 &$A % &'
2
?
"
4&$6%&'
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4A$.%&'
5
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
! J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
"#
@ + ! =
&2 1
-$''%&'
5
-$''%&'
5
.$''%&'
5
! .$''%&'
5
9 J
K (
'$' 5"
"!'$&'5"
"<
"
"4&$A%&'
$.%&'
&$&%&'
&$A%&'
! G$'%&'
@
!
<
)
)
@
@
! "
"
@
%
!%2
%
&'
$ +
&'
6
, ! -
2
$
%
(
$! %
1 &$'' 5$ 9
!2
(!!!
'$.5$
1
1
* 0+
J'$6.
'$.KJ&$''
&$''K
J'$6.
'$.KJ'$.'
'$6.K
J'$6.
'$.KJ'$.'
'$.K
! J'$6.
'$.KJ'$6.
'$.K
"#
!
!!
".B"&$.%&'
!-$.%&'
+
1 *$
"
"
"""
"
!
$'%&'
$'%&'
$'%&'
! $'%&'
''G
9
(
!<
"
"
?
"
! "
= )
8
*!0!&$66%&'
GA/$*! *
!
,$.'%&'
.$,.%&'
.$,.%&'
! .$,.%&'
)
9J
K ++!
* 0 '$' ( '$'.' 5 "
'$'('$&'5=
<
'$-'5
'$''.'5
'$&5 ! '$&'5 )
!
$%
+!
$%
$%
%
! !
*!
+! &$ 0+
! !
*
! + +
+
+
+ !
+
,
@
>
>
!
!
* & - 2
>
*
,-
-
A ! &, ,
L 1
! +
2-!.0!1 $9
0<
$6%&'
5
&$&&%&'
5
&$&&%&'
5 ! $6%&'
5
,
1
() 2() 2()
11
HI H I
22
gg g
+ A$'$
2() 2() ()
HI 2HI
gg g
+
&,
& A
& &, ! & ,-
,
1
2
'- $$$
$% $$$
G&$@!!
' ! $
2 +
!
,&
&&
& ! &G
,
#;
!2$2
&$''%&'
$@
'$&''
!! 1!
2 +
! !
!
Page 5
1
2
!
"
#
!
#
"
$ % &'
(
$
)
* +!
#
"
$,,%&'
-$.%&'
.$%&'
! $-%&'
#'
-''/
"
+ '$- ! 0
)
1 !)$1
!
!
*1
1
+!
$
0 1
2
+ "
0 1 2
31)"
)
"
2
4&$,
&'
-
! .
+
+*!"
+*!"
'$&'5
+*!
"
4&$6%&'
'$'','7
'$'&7
'$667 ! &$,7
*#"
*+!
&$,%&'
'$&5" !
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5
&$,%&'
5 ! 8$
9
:
+!
; *
1 (
<
=>
?>
">
! )>
!
2 *
21
1 ,$ % &'
+$9
!
! !
<
!
'$.5+$
!!
!
1
$
!
!
$
!
*
$
@
2
2( ) 2( ) ( )
11
NO NO
22
gg g
1
2
K
!
9+
1 '$&5!'$'&5"
0!<
$'
6$'
&$'- ! &$,.
#
+!
!
<
*!
!2 "
#2
>
2 "
! #
!2"
9
+
!
<
"
"!"
"
"
!
"
?
!
?
! "
!"
#
"
2#" 2#=!#@
+
1 *2&$&%&'
2&$A%&'
2.$'%&'
2
A$%&'
$9
+
+ #
!!!
" 2
=2@!
"
<
#=
#
"
#@ ! #"
9
1
+
<
B4C$'
B4$'
4C$'
! 4$'
@ 1
+
&$, % &'
2
*
* +!
!+!
! *
$
9
1
+<
/"
"
"
! ")
D3
E*
2 ?B4,$;F2
2
#
"
#
"
#
"
.B"
4A$&-F/
$%&'
A$'%&'
$G%&'
! 6$G%&'
> 1
2
! !
*
* !
+
* !
!
!
*
+ ! !
+$
> 1 0
2
!
+
!
2 +
1 *$#
+
!
2! *
1!
H '
I '
4 '
!
p
p
K
K
/5
++!/
5
+
2
5
5
5
-
+
*1
* !!
"
)
" ! /
9
; *
(
<
=>
?>
" ! >
#
! "
2
! ! + !
$ @ '$&' 5
2
!$67!
$
1 !
2
2
!
&$-%&'
&$-%&'
$6%&'
! $A%&'
!
#&''B"
..1
.B"$9
+ <
..4&$6-
6$''
6$A6
.$& ! ,$&
!
1
""
!""
-$6%&'
!&$%&'
+
1 *.B"$
@ 0 !
2
"
<
.$A&%&'
5
,$A.,%&'
5
$,',%&'
5 ! 6$6-,%&'
5
!
!
;
!
&%&'
$@!++
+4.2J) K J#
!K !
-.
&'&
.- ! &&'
!
+! =
&$
1
*+!
=
$%&'
.$'%&'
-$'%&'
! .$'%&'
L
++! + *$9
!+1 <
="
# "
(" ! ="
= 1
!* !
; *
1 !
!
!!!
! ;
! ! ;
!!
;
*
*1 0
! * 1 0! 1 +$
31
2
gg g
1 6A+
+$
91
+<
gg g
&$A%&'
$,%&'
,$'%&'
! &$%&'
"#
31
+!
*$
!%
1
+!
$%
$
gg g
AB AB #
2
$
4$'%&'
52 %
4-$%&'
52
$%4$A%&'
5
@
;+
!1
.6B"21
$'
&$G
'$, ! -$.
"#
1 ?&
'
-
'
8$
> '
1!
+ ! +
+ ! +
+ ! +
! + ! +
#
++!
'$' 5 !
'$' 5$ @
2
&$A%&'
2 + <
$64'$-
G$'A
G$-
&&$6 ! A$6
9
; *
1
(
<
=>
!
>
2
2
$
2
9
2
1
2
KK
KK
KK
!
KK
@ 1 *2 +@
+!
*
+
+
! $#
*
#
! ?
'$&'5$#" !!!
"
'$&'5$9
#
!?
<
#" 4 &$A % &'
2
?
"
4&$6%&'
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4A$.%&'
5
J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
! J#
K4&$A%&'
52J?
K4&$6%&'
5
"#
@ + ! =
&2 1
-$''%&'
5
-$''%&'
5
.$''%&'
5
! .$''%&'
5
9 J
K (
'$' 5"
"!'$&'5"
"<
"
"4&$A%&'
$.%&'
&$&%&'
&$A%&'
! G$'%&'
@
!
<
)
)
@
@
! "
"
@
%
!%2
%
&'
$ +
&'
6
, ! -
2
$
%
(
$! %
1 &$'' 5$ 9
!2
(!!!
'$.5$
1
1
* 0+
J'$6.
'$.KJ&$''
&$''K
J'$6.
'$.KJ'$.'
'$6.K
J'$6.
'$.KJ'$.'
'$.K
! J'$6.
'$.KJ'$6.
'$.K
"#
!
!!
".B"&$.%&'
!-$.%&'
+
1 *$
"
"
"""
"
!
$'%&'
$'%&'
$'%&'
! $'%&'
''G
9
(
!<
"
"
?
"
! "
= )
8
*!0!&$66%&'
GA/$*! *
!
,$.'%&'
.$,.%&'
.$,.%&'
! .$,.%&'
)
9J
K ++!
* 0 '$' ( '$'.' 5 "
'$'('$&'5=
<
'$-'5
'$''.'5
'$&5 ! '$&'5 )
!
$%
+!
$%
$%
%
! !
*!
+! &$ 0+
! !
*
! + +
+
+
+ !
+
,
@
>
>
!
!
* & - 2
>
*
,-
-
A ! &, ,
L 1
! +
2-!.0!1 $9
0<
$6%&'
5
&$&&%&'
5
&$&&%&'
5 ! $6%&'
5
,
1
() 2() 2()
11
HI H I
22
gg g
+ A$'$
2() 2() ()
HI 2HI
gg g
+
&,
& A
& &, ! & ,-
,
1
2
'- $$$
$% $$$
G&$@!!
' ! $
2 +
!
,&
&&
& ! &G
,
#;
!2$2
&$''%&'
$@
'$&''
!! 1!
2 +
! !
!
&$''7
GG$G7
'$&''7 ! GG$'7
"
+ .B"
&%&'
5*!2"..
$
-$'''
G$'''
&$''' ! 6$'''
>
"
"
2
?&
4C&6'$A;F
$9
<
0
$
#
2
"
!
$
1
*
2
42
[CO ]
[CH ][O ]
p
K = $
! #!!"
$
9
+
<
" !/"
!
!"
!
!
*!
&'
5
" GA/
4&'
&$'%&'
5
&$'%&'
5
&$'..%&'
5 ! G$..%&'
5
#.B"2!
2
%2 &$' % &'
$
*!0* '$'&5
!
&$'%&'
(
&$'%&'
(
$'%&'
(
! &$'%&'
(
) +!
" +
+
! + 1 *
+$ @
+
" !
+!
*+!
+@@ +!
+ @M +!
+
"
+!
! +!+@M
" $
L
!
1
2
K
1
!
K
2
!
4&
4
4&
!
4
*+!
+ *
$'
$%&'
$@
* (
.$,%&'
$&%&'
%&'
! -%&'
+!
+
+
!:
!
!
$ +
!
N
!@!
@
!
* 0+
In
[In ]
log p pH
[HIn]
K
-
=-
In
[HIn]
log p pH
[In ]
K
-
=-
In
[HIn]
log pH p
[In ]
K
-
=-
!
In
[In ]
log pH p
[HIn]
K
-
=-
@
+
' !*!!
' !;
* !! * .' 7 0+
!
+!
$ 9
+
0!!
!
!<
' 2 ' 2 '
*!
&' 2 . 2 &.
*!
' 2 &' 2 '
*!
! ' 2 . 2 &.
*!
/
1
*
2
3
3
22
[NH ]
= .
[N ] [H ]
Q
+
!
/0
/1
/2
! /4'
$
Read More