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Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Malwa | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Introduction

Decline of the Sultanate and the Rise of Malwa:

  • The decline of the Sultanate led to the rise of the independent kingdom of Malwa.

Geographical Significance of Malwa:

  • Malwa was located on a high plateau between the Narmada and Tapti rivers.
  • It controlled important trade routes between Gujarat and northern India, as well as between north and south India.
  • As long as Malwa was strong, it prevented powerful states like Gujarat, Mewar, the Bahmanis, and the Lodi sultans of Delhi from expanding their influence.
  • Whoever controlled Malwa could potentially dominate all of northern India.

Height of Power in the 15th Century:

  • During the 15th century, Malwa reached the peak of its power.
  • The capital was moved from Dhar to Mandu, a location that was both defensible and beautiful.
  • The ruler of Malwa built many impressive structures in Mandu.

Internal Conflicts:

  • From its inception, Malwa was plagued by internal conflicts.
  • There were constant struggles for succession among different claimants to the throne.
  • Nobles also fought among themselves for power and wealth.
  • Neighboring states like Gujarat and Mewar often took advantage of these internal divisions.

Dilawar Khan Ghori (1401-7)

His Life and Rule in Malwa: He was the Tughluq governor of Malwa.

  • In the year A.D. 1401-2, he declared independence and proclaimed himself the king of Malwa.

Matrimonial Alliances for Security:

  • He formed a marital alliance with Malik Raja Faruqi of Khandesh.
  • These alliances were crucial in protecting Malwa's southeastern frontier.

Diplomatic Relations for Defense:

  • By maintaining friendly relations with Muzaffar Shah of Gujarat, he managed to shield Malwa from potential attacks.

Posthumous Challenges:

  • After his death in A.D. 1407, Malwa faced threats from the imperial ambitions of Muzaffar Gujarati.
  • The period from the 13th to 15th century saw Malwa succumbing to these imperialistic designs.

Question for Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Malwa
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Which ruler of Malwa formed a marital alliance with Malik Raja Faruqi of Khandesh for security?
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Hoshang Shah (1406-35)

His father, Dilawar, moved the capital from Dhar to Mandu, which was renamed Shadiabad (the city of joy) by Allauddin Khilji.

  • Hoshang Shah conquered Kherla and Gagraun, and attempted to take Gwalior. However, he withdrew in 1423 due to the power of Mubarak Shah.
  • He formed a matrimonial alliance with the Muslim ruler of Kalpi to create a buffer between Jaunpur-Malwa and Delhi-Malwa.
  • Hoshang Shah promoted a policy of religious toleration and encouraged Rajputs to settle in Malwa with generous grants.
  • The city of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh was originally called Narmadapur after the river Narmada, but was renamed by Hoshang Shah.
  • He supported the Jains, who were the main commercial merchants and bankers in the area.
  • Nardeva Soni, a merchant, served as Hoshang Shah's treasurer and adviser.

Muhammad Shah

Succession and Downfall in Malwa:

  • Hoshang Shah was succeeded by Muhammad Shah, who proved to be incompetent.
  • During his brief reign of just one year, the court of Malwa became rife with intrigues, leading to disastrous outcomes.
  • The chaos peaked with Muhammad Shah's murder in 1436, orchestrated by his noble Mahmud Khalji.
  • This event marked the end of Ghorid rule in Malwa.

Mahmud Khalji (1436-69)

Mahmud Khalji and His Conquests:

  • Most Powerful Ruler: Mahmud Khalji is considered the most powerful of the Malwa rulers.
  • Threatened Position: Initially, his position was threatened by the old Ghorid nobility.
  • Policy of Appeasement: Mahmud tried to appease the Ghorid nobility by distributing iqta and high posts, but he failed to gain their support.
  • Revolts and Success: He faced revolts from high-ranking nobles but eventually succeeded in overcoming them.
  • Expansion: After consolidating his position, Mahmud Khalji focused on expanding his territory, engaging in battles with various neighbors, including the rulers of Gujarat,Gondwana,Orissa, the Bahmani sultans, and the sultans of Delhi.
  • Mewar Conflict: He primarily focused on conquering south Rajputana and subduing Mewar, which was under the aggressive expansion of Rana Kumbha.
  • Battle of Sarangpur: In 1437, Mahmud Khalji was defeated and captured by Rana Kumbha in the Battle of Sarangpur.
  • Later Attacks on Mewar: Despite his defeat, Mahmud Khalji attempted to attack Mewar in 1442 after the death of Ranmal but had to retreat with minimal gains.
  • Yearly Campaigns: He conducted almost yearly campaigns against Rana Kumbha, who successfully defended his territory.
  • Destruction of Temples: During his conflicts with Rana Kumbha and neighboring Hindu rajas, Mahmud Khalji destroyed many temples.
  • Conflict with Jaunpur: Mahmud Khalji clashed with Jaunpur over the control of Kalpi, leading to a treaty that established a cordial relationship between the two.
  • Conflict with Gujarat: After the death of Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, Mahmud Khalji took advantage of the weak position of Muhammad Shah Gujarati, occupying Sultanpur and Nandurbar.
  • Alliance with Gujarat: After Muhammad Gujarati's death, Mahmud Khalji formed an alliance with his successor Sultan Qutbuddin, agreeing to respect each other's territorial boundaries and have a free hand in Mewar.
  • Intervention in Bahmani Politics: Mahmud Khalji's interventions in Bahmani politics were met with strong resistance from Mahmud Begarha.

Question for Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Malwa
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Which Malwa ruler is considered the most powerful of all?
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Ghiyas Shah (1469-1500)

Consolidation over Conquest: The son and successor of Mahmud Khalji focused more on strengthening and consolidating the kingdom rather than expanding it through conquests.

  • Peaceful Period: Except for a brief conflict with the Rana of Mewar in 1473, this era was marked by a long period of peace.

Collapse of Malwa

Gujarat's Conquest of Mandu:

  • In 1518, Gujarat forces stormed Mandu.
  • By 1531, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat captured Mandu,executed Mahmud II(who ruled from 1511 to 1531), leading to the collapse of the Malwa sultanate.

Mughal Control over Malwa:

  • In 1562, the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered Malwa and incorporated it as a subah(province) of his empire.
The document Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Malwa | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) is a part of the UPSC Course History Optional for UPSC (Notes).
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FAQs on Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Malwa - History Optional for UPSC (Notes)

1. Dilawar Khan Ghori kaun tha aur uski sultanat ka kya maqsad tha?
Ans. Dilawar Khan Ghori (1401-7) Malwa ka pehla sultan tha. Uska maqsad Malwa mein apni sultanat ka establishment karna aur uski authority ko maqbool karna tha. Usne apne shasan ke doran Malwa ki itihasik aur saanskritik pehchaan ko majboot kiya.
2. Hoshang Shah ke shasan ke doraan Malwa ka kya vikas hua?
Ans. Hoshang Shah (1406-35) ke shasan mein Malwa ne bhari vikas dekha. Usne apne shasan mein kala aur sanskriti ko badhava diya, saath hi unhone "Hoshangabad" sheher ki sthapna ki. Is dauran, bhakti sahitya aur sangeet ka vikas bhi hua.
3. Muhammad Shah ka shasan Malwa par kis prakar prabhavit hua?
Ans. Muhammad Shah ka shasan (date unspecified) Malwa ke liye ek kathin samay tha, kyunki usne apne shasan mein kai nayi neetiyan lagu ki. Is dauran, prashasanik vyavastha mein sudhar kiye gaye aur sultanat ki military shakti ko majboot kiya gaya.
4. Mahmud Khalji ki rani ke prashasanik faisle kya the?
Ans. Mahmud Khalji (1436-69) ka shasan Malwa ke liye ek mahatvapurn avastha thi. Usne kai prashasanik faisle liye, jisme se ek tha apne rajya ki seemaon ko badhana aur bade samrajya ki sthapna karna. Iske alawa, usne apne samrajya ko sanrakshan dene ke liye naye samraajik sambandh bhi banaye.
5. Ghiyas Shah ke shasan mein Malwa ki sthiti kaise thi?
Ans. Ghiyas Shah (1469-1500) ka shasan Malwa ke liye ek samriddh avastha thi. Usne rajya ki arthvyavastha ko majboot banaya aur bhakti andolan ko badhava diya. Is dauran, Malwa ka samajik aur arthik vikas hua, jisse rajya ki prabhutva badha.
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