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FAQs on Sampling Methods and Estimation of Sample Size - Sociology Optional for UPSC (Notes)
| 1. What are the different sampling methods used in research? |  |
Ans. There are several sampling methods used in research, primarily categorized into two types: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling includes methods such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling includes methods like convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, and quota sampling. Each method has its own advantages and is chosen based on the research objectives and population characteristics.
| 2. How do you determine the appropriate sample size for a study? | |
Ans. Determining the appropriate sample size involves considering several factors, including the desired level of confidence, the margin of error, the population size, and the expected variability in the data. Statistical formulas and software can assist in calculating sample size, often using parameters such as the z-score for confidence levels and the standard deviation for variability. Consulting existing literature and conducting pilot studies can also provide valuable insights for sample size determination.
| 3. What is the significance of random sampling in research? | |
Ans. Random sampling is crucial in research as it helps ensure that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, which minimizes bias. This method enhances the representativeness of the sample, leading to more generalizable results. It allows for the application of statistical inference techniques, making the findings more reliable and valid, thus increasing the overall credibility of the research.
| 4. What role does stratified sampling play in improving research quality? | |
Ans. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into distinct subgroups, or strata, based on specific characteristics, and then randomly sampling from these strata. This method improves research quality by ensuring that all relevant subgroups are represented in the sample, reducing sampling error, and increasing the precision of estimates. It is particularly useful in heterogeneous populations where certain characteristics may influence the outcome of the study.
| 5. How can one ensure the reliability and validity of a sample? | |
Ans. To ensure the reliability and validity of a sample, researchers should use appropriate sampling techniques that minimize bias, such as random sampling or stratified sampling. Additionally, they should define clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, ensure a sufficient sample size, and conduct pre-tests or pilot studies to refine the methodology. Regular training and adherence to standard protocols during data collection can also enhance the reliability and validity of the sample.
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Oct 02, 2025
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