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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes)

Aligarh 'Movement

  • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan initiated the Aligarh movement to promote modern education and foster political awareness among Indian Muslims.
  • This movement represented the first national awakening among Muslims and was supported by figures like Khwaja Altaf Hussain Ali,Maulvi Wazir Ahmed, and Maulvi Shibli Numami.
  • The movement is called the 'Aligarh movement' because it originated in Aligarh.
  • In 1875, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental (MAO) College in Aligarh, which later evolved into Aligarh University in 1890.
  • The Aligarh movement aimed to spread Western education among Muslims while maintaining their Islamic beliefs.
  • It also sought to introduce social reforms, such as condemning polygamy and promoting widow remarriage, which was allowed in Islam.
  • The movement was based on a liberal interpretation of the Quran and aimed to harmonize Islam with modern liberal values.

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Political Thought

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Political Thought: Two Phases

First Phase (Up to 1887):

  • Hindu-Muslim Unity: Advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity, emphasizing shared experiences and challenges.
  • Religious Neutrality: Believed that religion should not interfere with nationalism and advocated a separation between religious and political matters.
  • Welfare for All: Worked for the welfare of both Hindus and Muslims as a member of the Viceroy's legislative council.
  • Inclusiveness: Defined qaum to include both Hindus and Muslims, highlighting their shared governance and struggles.
  • Collaboration with Hindus: Worked closely with Hindus in various societies and sought support from Hindu Rajas and Zamindars for M.A.O. College.
  • Educational Reforms: Supported reforms in civil services and revived the British Association at Aligarh.

Second Phase (Post-1887):

  • Shift in Perspective: Changed views to align more with imperialist thought, viewing British rule as emancipatory and democratic.
  • Critique of Democracy: Opposed the application of Western democratic principles in India, arguing that a representative government would favor Hindus over Muslims.
  • Diversity and Governance: Believed that India's diverse castes, religions, and races made Western-style democracy impractical.
  • Opposition to Congress: Criticized the Congress for its demands for representative government, fearing it would harm Muslim interests.
  • Rejection of Elections: Opposed the electoral process, believing it would lead to Muslim subjugation by Hindus.
  • Influence of British Officials: His shift in views was influenced by British officials, particularly Theodore Beck, who aimed to counter the Congress's influence.
  • Limited Influence: Despite his efforts, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's influence on North Indian Muslims was limited, and his anti-Congress stance prevented broader impact.
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FAQs on Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes)

1. Who was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and what was his contribution to Indian political thought?
Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a 19th-century Muslim scholar, reformer, and educationist in India. He is best known for his efforts in promoting modern education among Muslims and advocating social reform. He founded the Aligarh Muslim University and emphasized the importance of scientific knowledge and rationality. His political thought advocated for the upliftment of Muslims through education and social reform, highlighting the need for a collaborative relationship with the British for the betterment of society.
2. What were Sri Aurobindo's views on nationalism and spirituality?
Ans. Sri Aurobindo was a philosopher, yogi, and nationalist who believed in the integral relationship between nationalism and spirituality. He viewed nationalism as a means for spiritual awakening and the realization of India's potential. Aurobindo emphasized the need for a spiritual renaissance to achieve true freedom and self-realization. He argued that the struggle for independence was not just a political endeavor but also a spiritual journey towards the divine purpose of the nation.
3. How did M.K. Gandhi's philosophy influence Indian politics?
Ans. M.K. Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, advocated for non-violent resistance and civil disobedience as powerful tools for political and social change. His philosophy of Satyagraha emphasized truth and non-violence, which inspired mass movements against colonial rule. Gandhi's approach influenced not only India's independence struggle but also civil rights movements worldwide. His emphasis on self-reliance and rural development reshaped Indian politics and societal values.
4. What were B.R. Ambedkar's contributions to social justice and constitutional law in India?
Ans. B.R. Ambedkar was a prominent social reformer, jurist, and the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. He advocated for the rights of the marginalized, particularly the Dalits, and emphasized the need for social justice and equality. Ambedkar's contributions include the abolition of untouchability and the promotion of affirmative action policies. His vision for a just society was instrumental in framing the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity in the Indian Constitution.
5. What is Radical Humanism as proposed by M.N. Roy?
Ans. Radical Humanism is a philosophical perspective introduced by M.N. Roy, which emphasizes human-centric values and the need for a radical transformation of society. Roy criticized both capitalism and Marxism, advocating for a synthesis of humanism and socialism. He believed in the liberation of the individual and the importance of rational thought in achieving social progress. Radical Humanism calls for the establishment of a society based on reason, freedom, and the dignity of the individual.
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