Theories of State and public policy formulation provide insights into the different types of states and how policies are developed within them. There are four major theories of the State:
According to this liberal theory, the State acts as a neutral referee, arbitrating between societal issues when necessary. It assumes that individuals know what is best for themselves and have entered into a social contract with others to protect their interests. The State's role is to enforce this social contract and punish those who violate it. Public policies formulated under this theory are believed to be altruistic, universal, and benevolent.
Marx argued that the State is an institution created to serve the interests of the bourgeoisie (wealthy/upper-middle class) and perpetuate their power. While the State may appear to protect the interests of the proletariat (working class/poor), it actually serves the bourgeoisie. Public policies in such a State are coercive towards the proletariat and favor the dominant bourgeoisie.
The Leviathan State is characterized by its immense power and authority. It plays a dominant role in society, both in response to societal demands (demand side) and through its proactive initiatives (supply side). Public policy in this type of State covers various domains, including developmental and non-developmental areas. Citizens have the opportunity to voice their views (demand side), while the State independently formulates public policies that it deems beneficial for the people (supply side).
This feminist perspective believes that the State is exploitative towards women and reinforces male values and interests.
There are two approaches within the Patriarchal State:
Moving on to the practical aspect of the State, we can identify different typologies or roles of the State and their implications for public policy formulation:
In conclusion, understanding the theories of the State and the different typologies of State roles provides valuable insights into how public policies are formulated and implemented. These theories and typologies help analyze the dynamics between the State, various societal groups, and the resulting policies that shape the governance of a nation.
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