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Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

STOCK :: It is PART OF GOODS PRODUCED which is unsold.In other words, it represents total quantity of commodity available with sellers in market at given time where as Supply is that PART OF STOCK WHICH IS ACTUALLY BROUGHT into market during given period of time

EXAMPLE :: After harvest, a farmer acquires large stock of a crop. In this period price tends to below. The Farmer holds back his stock. he doesn’t offer all of his stock . Gradually as the price rises, the farmer offer more and more stock for sale {supply} For instance, supply of oil is NOT THE TOTAL AVAILABLE STOCK OF OIL, but only that amount which producers are willing to bring to the market for sale.

THREE ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF EXPRESSING  SUPPLY
 (1) SUPPLY FUNCTION (2) SUPPLY SCHEDULE (3) SUPPLY CURVE

SUPPLY FUNCTION :: It shows mathematical or functional relationship between supply and its various determinants(factor affecting supply)

SX = F (PX, PY, PF, T, G, F.E)

Market SX = F( PX, PY, PF, T, G, F.E, NF, GP)

EXAMPLE : SX = 120 + PX
(LINEAR SUPPLY CURVE)


SUPPLY OF COMMODITY AND PRICE OF COMMODITY (SX & PX)

LAW OF SUPPLY  “ Other thing being constant, quantity supplied and price of the commodity is POSITIVELY  RELATED.In other words with rise in price, quantity supplied rises and with fall in price quantity supplied falls i.e. P   Q.S , P   Q.S

The law explains the cause for Movement along supply curve


ASSUMPTION ::  PY, PF, T, G, F.E, NF, GP that is all other thing being constant (ceteris peribus)

SUPPLY SCHEDULE :: It is TABULAR PRESENTATION of Quantity supplied at different price at given time.

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

It is clear from the table as price decreases, supply contracts. At a price Rs1 or less the seller is not willing to sell any unit. This PRICE AT WHICH SELLER IS NOT PREPARED TO SELL ANY UNIT and prefers to stock the commodity is called MINIMUM PRICE OR RESERVE PRICE 

SUPPLY CURVE :: It is GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION of quantity supplied at different price.It represent supply schedule on a curve. It REPRESENT SUPPLY SCHEDULE ON A CURVE.

The curve is UPWARD SLOPING from left to right indicating positive relation between quantity supplied and price of the commodity.

 

⇒  ‘OR’ is reserve price. At ‘OP’ price quantity supplied is ‘OS’ and as price increase to ‘OP1’quantity supplied extends to ‘OS1

LAW OF SUPPLY IS QUALITATIVE, NOT QUANTITATIVE :: LOs makes a qualitative statement only that is it INDICATES ONLY THE DIRECTION OF CHANGE in the amount supplied and doesnot indicate the mangnitude of change .Thus it fails to answer “ HOW MUCH CHANGES” will result due to change in price of good concerned

LAW OF SUPPLY IS ONE SIDED as it explains the effect on quantity supplied due to change in price .It FAILS TO STATE T HE EFFECT ON PRICE DUE TO CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED. Thus it assume quantity supplied to be passive factor

REASON FOR LAW OF SUPPLY

(1) PROFIT MOTIVE :: The basic aim of every producer / seller is to secure maximum profits. When price of a commodity increases , without any change in cost , it raises their profit. So , producer increases the supply of the commodity by increasing their production. On the other hand , with fall in prices , supply decreases due to reduced pfofit margin at low price. 

(2) CHANGE IN NUMBER OF FIRM :: A rise in price induces the prospective producers to enter into the market to produce the given commodity so as to earn higher profits whereas fall in price forces the producer to stop production or reduce it.

(3) CHANGE IN STOCK :: W hen price of good increases , sellers are ready to open their stock which means more supply.

SUPPLY AND PRICE OF RELATED GOODS (SUBSTITUTE GOOD) (SX &PY)
An increase in price of other (related) goods makes them more profitable and hence the firm increases the supply of the goods the price of which has risen (i.e. supply of substitute good) and thereby decreasing the supply of the commodity the price of which has not risen.

 → Thus supply of the commodity and price of its substitute are inversely related


⇒  It explains the SHIFT OF SUPPLY CURVE e.g if a farmer is producing corn and wheat on agiven piece of land.

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

(1) If the market price of wheat falls,farmer will  produce more corn (as production increases from OL to OM at existing price) due to increase in profitability.This will shift the supply curve of corn to RIGHT FROM SS TO S1S1 

(2) If the market price of wheat rises,farmer will produce less corn (as production decreases from OL to ON at existing price) due to decrease in profitability.This will shift the supply curve of corn to LEFT FROM SS TO S2S2

SUPPLY AND TECHNOLOGY

Technology improvement means
(a) more output with same level of input or          
(b) same level of output with less input.

Thus improvement in technology tends to LOWER THE MARGINAL AND AVERAGE COST OF PRODUCTION
e.g. PRINTING OF BOOK was a complex and costly process. With introduction of computers it has become an easy and inexpensive job.The AC and MC facing a commercial publisher has decreased many times.This COST-SAVING TECHNOLOGY motivate suppliers to supply more at existing price.This causes RIGHTWARD SHIFT in supply curve

 

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

(1) SS is original supply curve .It increases to S1S1 rightward indicating increase in supply from OL to OM due to technological improvement (or reduction in cost)

Similarly a COST INCREASING TECHNOLOGY change which may be due to

→ Technology degradation
→ Environment Technologies
→ Outdated Technologies

WILL cause supply to reduce and supply curve will shift leftward

SUPPLY AND INPUT PRICE CHANGE

(1) In case of DECREASE IN INPUT PRICE like decrease in raw material cost, wages of labour, rent reduction,the overall COP DECREASES and accordingly producers are willing to supply MORE AT EXISTING PRICE.This causes supply curve to shift RIGHTWARD from SS to S1S1 at price OP

EXAMPLE :: To make icecream, firm need various inputs like cream, sugar, machine, labour etc. When price of one or more of these input falls , producing ice creams will become more profitable and hence more will be supplied

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

(2) In case of INCREASE IN INPUT PRICE like increase in raw material cost, wages of labour, rent enhancement,the overall COP INCREASES and accordingly producers are willing to supply LESS  AT EXISTING PRICE.This causes supply curve to shift LEFTWARD from SS to S2S2 at price OP

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

SUPPLY AND GOAL OF THE FIRM

(a) If Goal of the firm is to MAXIMIZE PROFIT, then the firm will be interested in supplying more quantity only at high price

(b) If Goal of the firm is to MAXIMIZE SALES OR EMPLOYMENT, then the firm will be prepared to sell or produce even at existing price.Thus shift of objective from profit or wealth maximizing to sales maximizing or gaining market share causes supply curve to shift rightward from SS to S1S1 at existing price OP (same fig.) 

SUPPLY AND EXPECTED FUTURE PRICE

(a) If the seller expects the FUTURE PRICE OF THE COMMODITY TO FALL,he will try to clear stock  of the commodity so as to avoid loss in future  due to decrease in price and hence this WILL INCREASE THE CURRENT SUPPLY of the commodity from OL to OM and will shift the supply curve to right from SS to S1S1(same fig.)

(b) If the seller expects the FUTURE PRICE OF THE COMMODITY TO RISE, he will stock the commodity so as to sell in future and earn the extra profit due to rise in price and hence this will DECREASE THE CURRENT SUPPLY of the commodity from OL to ON and will shift the supply curve to left from SS to S2S2(same fig.)

MARKET SUPPLY AND NO. OF FIRM

It effects market supply as MORE FIRM in the market means more supply e.g if every farmer starts producing wheat,then the production will be more and hence supply of wheat will increase from OL to OM and will shift the market supply curve to right from SS to S1S1 

Similarly with DECREASE IN NUMBER OF FIRMS the supply will decrease from OL to ON and will shift the supply curve to left from SS to S2S2

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

Excise tax is tax on the production of goods and services and it is levied per unit of production of a firm which raises the marginal cost(MC) and average cost(AC) of production .It is CASH GRANT given by government which reduces COP and increases supply from OL to OM and shifts the market supply curve to right from SS to S1S1
At high COP producer reduces the supply of the taxed item from OL to ON and will shift the supply curve to left from SS to S2S2It is policy followed in case of farmer,exporter to increase production of respective goods and also in case of Khadi and Village ashram to provide employment to poor villagers.

 

EXCEPTION TO LAW OF SUPPLY OR CASES WHEN LAW FAILS :: It refers to situation or products where high prices donot leads to expansion of supply and vice-versa

(1) SOCIAL DISTINCTION GOODS :: Supply of such goods are fixed or limited and cannot be increased even if price for them are rising eg. there is one and only one genuine mona-lisa painting and Tipu sultan sword

(2) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT :: Supply of such goods depends upon natural factors like rainfall,temperature. If these factors are against the production supply will decrease even if people are ready to pay high price 

(3) PERISHABLE GOODS :: Those goods which GET SPOILED EASILY and hence cannot be stocked eg.milk,vegetables,egg .This makes supply of perishable goods fixed at a given point of time.

(4) BACKWARD COUNTRIES :: In economically backward countries , production and supply cannnot be increased with rise in price due to shortage of resources

MARKET SUPPLY CURVE

It is GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION of  supply of a particular commodity by ALL THE FIRM in the market AT DIFFERENT PRICES  during given time.It is presentation of market supply scheduled

SM = S1  +  S2  +  S3  + ----------+  Sn

 

Graphically it is derived by Horizontal submission of individual supply curve


Suppose there are two sellers A and B in the market with their respective supply schedule.

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

At price Rs.1 seller A is ready to sell 10 units i.e OA units and seller B is willing to sell 20 units i.e. OB units,at this price market supply is 10+20 = 30 units which is

OA + OB = OM


⇒ By repeating this process at each possible price market supply curve is derived whichis horizontal submission of individual supply curve.

MARKET SUPPLY CURVE IS FLATTER :: MARKET supply CURVE IS FLATTER THAN all the individual supply curves. It happens because as prices changes , proportionate change in market supply is more than proportionate change in individual supplies.

CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED  VS CHANGE IN SUPPLY

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

B.O.DMOVEMENT ALONG SUPPLY
 CURVE // CHANGE IN QUANTITY
SUPPLIED
SHIFT IN SUPPLY CURVE //
 CHANGE IN SUPPL
Y
(1) MEANINGThe quantity supplied increases or decreases due to rise or fall in price only,The quantity supplied increases or decreases due to change in other factor keeping price constant
(2) CAUSEIt occurs due to change in price of good onlyIt occurs due to change in other factor like (PY, PF, T, G, F.E, NF, G)
(3) SITUATION
 OF SUPPLY
 CURVE
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
(4) TYPES OF
 CHANGE

(A) EXTENSION OF SUPPLY
 (increase in quantity supplied) :: 
When supply increases due to rise in price.It is UPWARD MOVEMENT

(B) CONTRACTION OF SUPPLY
(decrease in  quantity supplied) :: When supply decreases due to fall in price. It is DOWNWARD MOVEMENT

(A) INCREASE IN SUPPLY :: When supply increase due to others factors like introduction of cost-saving technology. It is a RIGHTWARD SHIFT

(B) DECREASE IN SUPPLY :: When supply decreases due to other factors like introduction of cost increasing technology. It is a LEFTWARD SHIFT


IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING AS CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED OR CHANGE IN SUPPLY

(a) The market price of apple increases , thus the quantity supplied of apple also increases
(b) The price of oranges decreases so the annual production of grapes increases
(c) Automobiles workers get a 5 % wage increase and so production of automobiles decreases
(d) Due to fall in price of paper , the production of paper decreases

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN

B.O.DEXTENSION OR INCREASE IN
 QUANTITY SUPPLIED
INCREASE IN SUPPLY
(1) MEANINGThe quantity supplied increases due to rise in price of good onlyThe quantity supplied increases due other factors like introduction of cost- saving technology
(2) EXAMPLESupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
(3) TYPES OF
 CHANGE
It is UPWARD MOVEMENT and thus refers to more sale at high priceIt is RIGHTWARD SHIFT and thus refers to More sales at same (given) price.
(4) SITUATION
 OF SUPPLY
 CURVE
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

 

B.O.DCONTRACTION OR DECREASE
 IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED
DECREASE IN SUPPLY
(1) MEANINGThe quantity supplied decreases due to fall in price of good only.The quantity supplied decreases due other factors like introduction of cost -  increasing technology
(2) EXAMPLESupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
(3) SITUATION
 OF SUPPLY
 CURVE
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
(4) TYPES OF
 CHANGE
It is DOWNWARD MOVEMENT and thus refers to less sale at low priceIt is LEFTWARD SHIFT and thus refers to less sale at same (given price) price.

 

CAUSES FOR INCREASE IN SUPPLY // RIGHTWARD SHIFT OF SUPPLY CURVE // WHY SELLER SELLS MORE AT SAME PRICE (GIVEN PRICE)

(a) Price of competitive good or substitute falls and it is profitable for seller to sell more of own good
(b) Improvement in technology that leads to cost saving
(c) Price of input decreases which reduces cost
(d) Goal of the firm changes to sales or employment maximizing
(e) Seller expects future price to reduce and hence increases its sale to clear the stock
(f) Tax reduction or rebate policy of govt. (In short govt. have Deficit Budget)

CAUSES FOR DECREASE IN SUPPLY // LEFTWARD SHIFT OF SUPPLY CURVE // WHY SELLER SELLS LESS AT SAME PRICE (GIVEN PRICE)

SUPPLY CURVE IS RISING PART OF MC CURVE

The concept of supply curve APPLIES TO THE CONDITION OF PERFECT COMPETITION ONLY. It does not apply to monopoly and monopolistic competition

As we know equilibrium is reached where MR = MC and MC is rising. Under perfect competition since AR(P) = MR , therefore the firm will produce output where Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

In short run , if the firm decides to stop production for sometime then it will have to bear theexpenditure on fixed cost. This means as long as firm is recovering variable cost that is AR (P) > AVC , the firm will continue to produce the goods .Thus it follows that  Short run supply curve of a perfectly competitive firm is that portion of marginal cost curve which lies above the average variable cost (AVC)

The firm will not supply at a price less than OP because atless than OP price , a firm would not be able to recover its variable cost. Pt “E” is equilibrium point as  MR = MC and MC is rising and hence OQ is the quantity supplied. Thus if we take P1, P2, P3 in the figure, the level of output increases from Q1 to Q2 to Q3, indicating positive relationship between quantity supplied and price of the commodity hence RISING PART OF MC above AVC IS THE SUPPLY CURVE

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY :: It is degree of responsiveness of supply due to change in ANY VARIABLE AFFECTING SUPPLY.

PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY (ES) :: It is DEGREE OF RESPONSIVENESS OF SUPPLY due to CHANGE IN ITS PRICE.

MARSHAL “Price elasticity of supply may be defined as percentage change in supply due to percentage change in price.

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

PROPERTIES // FEATURES

(1) It not only focus on direction of change but also TELLS MAGNITUDE OF CHANGE in supply i.e how much supply changes due to change in price. Thus it is QUALITATIVE AS WELL AS QUANTITATIVE MEASURE

(2) ELASTICITY IS A UNIT FREE MEASURE ::  It is measure in percentage terms therefore it is independent of choice of units that is not affected whether the quantity supplied is measured in kg or tonnes and whether price is measured in rupees or dolllars .This feature FACILITATES COMPARISION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE GOODS

(3) At the intersection of two supply curves the curve which is MORE FLATTER IS MORE ELASTIC OR HAVE HIGHER ELASTICITY

(4) Elasticity can be categorised into FIVE DEGREES depending upon its COEFFICIENT

DEGREES(TYPES) OF ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

(1) PERFECTLY INELASTIC(ES=0) :: It is a case when quantity supplied donot changes with change in price eg. IN CASE OF PERISHABLE GOOD SS IS FIXED IN SHORT PERIOD.

SUPPLY CURVE IS VERTICAL OR PARALLEL TO Y-AXIS

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

(2) PERFECTLY ELASTIC (ES= α) :: It is a case when supply changes infinitely with no change in price or with small change in price. In other words , there will be infinite rise with small rise in price and supply becomes zero with small fall in price

SUPPLY CURVE IS HORIZONTAL OR PARALLEL TO X-AXIS

 

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

E.G :: a seller increases or decreases supply DUE TO FUTURE EXPECTATION even when there is no price change

(3) UNITARY ELASTIC(ES=1) :: It is a case when proportionate(%) change in supply is exactly EQUAL TO proportionate(%) change in price.

SUPPLY CURVE STARTS FROM ORIGIN


Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

(4) GREATER THAN UNITARY ELASTIC or  ELASTIC (ES>1) :: It is a case when proportionate(%) change in supply is MORE THAN proportionate(%) change in price.

SUPPLY CURVE STARTS FROM Y-AXIS OR NEGATIVE RANGE OF X-AXIS


Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
(5) LESS THAN UNITARY ELASTIC OR INELASTIC (ES<1) :: It is a case when proportionate(%) change in supply is LESS THAN proportionate(%) change in price.

 

SUPPLY CURVE STARTS FROM X-AXIS


Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

DEGREES OF  ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY - A COMPARISION

TYPE OF ESCOEFFICIENTDESCRIPTIONSHAPE OF SUPPLY
 CURVE
Perfectly inelastic demandes = 0Quantity supplied doesn’t changes with change in priceVertical / Parallel to Y - Axis
Inelastic0 < es < 1% change in Quantity Supplied <  % change in PriceUpward sloping originating from X -axis
Unitary elastic demand es = 1% change in Quantity  Supplied  =  % change in PriceUpward sloping originating from origin
Elastic demand1 < es < ∞% change in Quantity  Supplied > % change in PriceUpward sloping originating from Y-axis
Perfectly elastic demandeD = ∞When price doesn’t changes with change in Quantity  SuppliedHorizontal / Parallel to X - Axis

 

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

THREE DISTINCT SITUATION WHERE Es IS SAME AT ALL POINTS ON A SUPPLY CURVE
 (1) Es = 0 (Perfectly Inelastic)
 (2) Es = (Perfectly Elastic)
 (3) Es = 1 (Unitary Elastic)


TWO METHOD FOR MEASURING PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

(1) PERCENTAGE OR PROPORTIONATE METHOD

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

(2) POINT OR GEOMETRIC METHOD :: It is graphical method of determining elasticity of supply.This method tells ES on the basis of points from where the supply curve starts.

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

Let OP be the original price which cuts SS curves in all the three panel at point A and hence quantity supplied is OC.The point where curve touches X-axis is Pt.B

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 EconomicsSupply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics
Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

The document Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics is a part of the Commerce Course Economics Class 11.
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FAQs on Supply And Elasticity Of Supply Class 12 Economics

1. What is supply and elasticity of supply?
Ans. Supply refers to the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to provide in the market at a given price. Elasticity of supply, on the other hand, measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to changes in price.
2. How is the supply curve determined?
Ans. The supply curve is determined by the relationship between price and quantity supplied. As price increases, producers are generally willing to supply more of a good or service, resulting in an upward-sloping supply curve.
3. What factors affect the elasticity of supply?
Ans. The elasticity of supply is influenced by various factors, including the availability of inputs, production technology, time horizon, and the mobility of resources. If inputs are readily available and production can be easily increased, supply tends to be more elastic.
4. How does elasticity of supply affect market equilibrium?
Ans. The elasticity of supply plays a crucial role in determining market equilibrium. If supply is elastic, a small change in demand or price will result in a relatively larger change in quantity supplied, leading to a more stable equilibrium. In contrast, if supply is inelastic, even a slight change in demand or price can cause significant fluctuations in the equilibrium.
5. Can supply be perfectly elastic or perfectly inelastic?
Ans. Yes, supply can be perfectly elastic or perfectly inelastic in certain situations. Perfectly elastic supply means that any change in price will result in an infinite change in quantity supplied. On the other hand, perfectly inelastic supply implies that quantity supplied remains constant regardless of changes in price. However, these extreme cases are rare and usually do not reflect the real-world dynamics of supply.
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