UPSC Mains 2024 GS Paper 3 with Answers | UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Video Analysis PDF Download

Q1: Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post reforms period in India. To what extent this has been in consonance with achieving the objective of inclusive growth? (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
India’s government expenditure on social services grew at a compound annual growth rate of 5.9% from FY12 to FY23, reflecting a stronger focus on education, healthcare, and rural development since the 1991 reforms aimed at promoting inclusive growth.

Pattern and Trend of Public Expenditure on Social Services (Post-Reform Period)

• Increase in Allocation: Spending on social services rose from 5.3% of GDP in 2000-01 to 8.3% in 2022-23, with a particular focus on education, health, and welfare.
• Education Sector: Funding increased from 2.8% to 3.1% of GDP by 2022-23, with the FY 2023-24 budget allocating Rs.1.12 lakh crore to the sector.
• Health Sector: Spending grew from 0.9% to 2.1% of GDP by 2022-23, with an allocation of Rs.89,155 crore in the FY 2023-24 budget.
• Social Welfare Programs: Funding for MGNREGA increased from Rs.60,000 crore in 2023-24 to Rs.86,000 crore in 2024-25 to support poverty alleviation efforts.
• Skilling and Digital Inclusion: Initiatives like Digital India and Skill India are receiving increased funding to support digital literacy, bridge the digital divide, and enhance employability through skill development programs, with 20 lakh youth expected to benefit over five years as per the Budget 2024-25.

Consonance with Achieving Inclusive Growth

• Education: Although access has expanded, challenges in quality and equity persist, with the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for the 18-23 age group in India at 28.4%.
• Health: Despite rising health expenditures, there are still gaps in rural healthcare access and support for marginalized groups.
• Poverty and Inequality: Social welfare programs contribute to poverty reduction, yet issues such as underutilization of funds and implementation challenges hinder true inclusive growth.

Conclusion
Public expenditure on social services in post-reform India has risen to support inclusive growth. Achieving this requires enhancing resource efficiency and focusing on targeted beneficiary support. Efforts to address these issues should continue, ensuring sustained investment in the social sector.

Q2: What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
In August 2024, India’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) reported food inflation at 5.66%, with rural areas at 6.02% and urban areas at 4.99%. Persistent high food inflation poses economic challenges, making it essential to understand its causes to evaluate the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) monetary policy effectiveness.

Causes of Persistent High Food Inflation in India
Effectiveness of RBI's Monetary Policy in Controlling Food Inflation

• Target Inflation Rate: The RBI’s Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) framework aims for a 4% inflation rate, but food inflation remains a significant challenge.
• Impact of FIT Framework: The FIT approach seeks price stability and growth; however, persistent food inflation due to supply-side shocks complicates this goal.
• Monetary Policy Limitations: The RBI’s rate adjustments to control inflation have limited impact on food prices, which are influenced by factors like climate change and global commodity prices.
• Delayed Effects: Monetary policy measures take 2-3 quarters to impact the economy, reducing effectiveness for short-term food price fluctuations.

Conclusion
While RBI's monetary policy is critical in managing inflation, addressing persistent food inflation in India requires a more comprehensive approach. Complementary fiscal policies, structural reforms, improved agricultural practices, and supply chain enhancements are needed to achieve long-term stability, benefiting consumers and the economy.

Q3: What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans: 
Introduction
Land reform is a type of agrarian reform aimed at changing land ownership or management through government policies, primarily for the benefit of poor, landless peasants. Key elements of land reforms include abolishing intermediaries, tenancy reforms, land ceiling, and land consolidation.

Factors for Successful Implementation of Land Reforms in Certain Regions (e.g., West Bengal and Kerala)

• Political Will and Legislation: State governments demonstrated commitment to reforms, with laws like the Bihar Land Reforms Act (1950) and the Bombay Tenancy Act (1948) enabling progress.
• Peasant Movements: Movements like Operation Barga in West Bengal successfully mobilized sharecroppers for reform.
• Grassroots Movements: The Bhoodan and Gramdan movements in Telangana promoted voluntary land redistribution.
• Efficient Land Records Management: Digitization in states like Karnataka has reduced disputes and corruption.
• Political Awareness: The freedom struggle heightened awareness of agrarian issues, increasing support for land reforms.

Factors for Poor Implementation in Other Regions

• Poor Land Records: Inaccurate records lead to property discrepancies and boundary disputes.
• Lack of Political and Bureaucratic Support: Apathy and delays hindered progress.
• Exclusion of Plantations: Not including plantations in reforms resulted in incomplete implementation.
• High Land Ceilings: High ceilings allowed individuals to bypass ceiling laws.

Conclusion
Programs like the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), promoting cooperative farming, and using Geographic Information Systems (e.g., Swamitva scheme) can improve land reform implementation.

Q4: Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Millets, drought-resistant “nutri-cereals,” contain 7-12% protein and offer a superior amino acid profile, making them affordable, nutrient-rich "superfoods." The United Nations declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets.

Role of Millets in Ensuring Health

• Gluten-Free Option: Millets are naturally gluten-free with a low glycemic index and high fiber, making them ideal for those with gluten intolerance or celiac disease.
• Preventing Lifestyle Diseases: Rich in dietary fiber, antioxidants, and minerals, millets help prevent diseases like diabetes and obesity.
• Immune Support: Millets contain B vitamins and minerals like zinc and selenium, with pearl millet (bajra) noted for its high zinc content, supporting immunity.

Role of Millets in Nutritional Security

• Addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies: Millets combat “hidden hunger,” with about 30% of Indian women aged 15-49 suffering from iron-deficiency anemia.
• Nutritional Security: Climate-resilient and water-efficient, millets offer a rich nutritional profile and are cultivated in drought-prone areas like Maharashtra and Rajasthan, benefiting farmers and enhancing food security.

Conclusion
Initiatives like Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion (INSIMP) and increased MSP for millets are steps toward a healthier future, promoting broader acceptance of these nutrient-dense grains.

Q5: What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Although India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commericialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
The current global scenario of intellectual property rights (IPR) allows patents on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and biotechnological inventions but restricts patents on natural life forms. Companies like Monsanto can patent GMOs, while natural genes like BRCA1 are not patentable. Agreements like the Nagoya Protocol ensure communities share in the benefits when their genetic resources are used.
India's Patent Filing Growth and Commercialization Challenges

• Patent Filing Growth: In 2023, India saw 83,000 patents filed—a 24.6% increase and the highest in two decades, as reported by Nasscom. However, fewer than 5% of these patents are commercialized.

Challenges and Solutions to Improve Patent Commercialization

• Lack of Awareness: Limited awareness of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications among startups.

  • Solution: Increase IP awareness among entrepreneurs.
  • Initiative: National IPR Policy (2016).

• Funding and Infrastructure Shortfalls: Insufficient funds and infrastructure for innovation.

  • Solution: Examine opposition filings more rigorously.
  • Initiative: Scheme for Start-up Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP) (2016).

• Manpower Shortages: Patent office staffing is inadequate.

  • Solution: Enhance efficiency and staffing.
  • Initiative: Kalam Program for IP Literacy and Awareness (KAPILA) (2020).

• Process Delays: Patent processing timelines are lengthy.

  • Solution: Establish more patent filing centers nationwide.
  • Initiative: National Start-up Advisory Council (2020).

• Time to Disposal: Average patent application disposal takes about 58 months.

  • Solution: Improve access to attorney and examiner information.
  • Initiative: MeitY Startup Hub (MSH).

Conclusion
India's increasing patent filings highlight the need for better commercialization. Regulatory reforms, enhanced infrastructure, and stronger collaboration will help unlock India's innovation potential, supporting its goal to become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025.

Q6: What is the technology being employed for electronic toll collection on highways? What are its advantages and limitations? What are the proposed changes that will make this process seamless? Would this transition carry any potential hazards? (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Electronic toll collection on highways utilizes technologies like FASTag and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). With a 100% shift to FASTag-based toll collection, India could potentially save Rs 12,000 crore annually in fuel costs and man-hours.

Technology Employed

• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Tags like FASTag, attached to vehicles, enable automatic toll deductions as vehicles pass through toll plazas.
• GPS (Global Positioning System): Real-time vehicle location tracking to calculate tolls based on distance traveled.
• ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition): Captures vehicle registration plates to enable seamless toll payments without stopping.

Proposed Changes for a Seamless Process

• Satellite-Based Toll Collection: GNSS Tolling eliminates the need for vehicles to stop at toll booths for fee collection.
• On-Board Units (OBUs): Installation of non-transferable OBUs in vehicles, possibly factory-fitted in new cars, similar to FASTag stickers.
• Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) Technology: Combines RFID, ANPR, and GNSS to allow toll charging as vehicles remain in motion.
• Toll Aggregation System: A unified national platform for toll payments across states and highways.

Potential Hazards: Cybersecurity risks from hacking and data breaches, and inequities for low-income individuals who may lack access to electronic payment methods.

Conclusion
While electronic toll collection technology offers significant advantages, successful implementation requires addressing potential hazards to ensure fairness and security for all users.

Q7: Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government’s initiative in this regard. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans: 
Introduction
Industrial pollution of river water in India has a severe impact on ecosystems, human health, and livelihoods by degrading water quality through the release of untreated effluents.

Mitigation Measures

• Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs): Industries must install ETPs to treat wastewater before discharge, reducing the toxic load on rivers.
• Strict Monitoring and Regulation: Implement rigorous monitoring systems for regular inspections of industries for compliance with pollution standards.
• Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD): Encourage industries to adopt ZLD systems that recycle wastewater, preventing discharge into water bodies.
• Public Awareness and Participation: Increase public awareness about industrial pollution impacts and promote community involvement in protecting water bodies.
• Sustainable Industrial Practices: Encourage industries to adopt cleaner production methods that minimize waste generation and resource consumption.

Government Initiatives

• Regulatory Framework: Enforced through the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
• CPCB Directives: CPCB has issued directives for non-compliant Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) to SPCBs/PCCs under Section 18(1)(b) of the Act.
• Online Monitoring Systems: Mandates Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring Systems (OCEMS) for real-time effluent quality data.
• Discharge Standards: General and industry-specific effluent discharge standards stipulated under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
• Conservation Programs: Programs like Namami Gange, AMRUT, and the Smart Cities Mission.

Conclusion
Addressing industrial river pollution requires a multi-faceted approach involving stringent regulations, technological innovations, and active community participation.

Q8: What role do environmental NGOs and activists play in influencing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) outcomes for major projects in India? Cite four examples with all important details. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (ENGOs) and activists play a vital role in promoting environmental sustainability, driving policy changes, and influencing Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for major projects.

Role of ENGOs and Activists in Influencing EIA Outcomes in India

• Raising Public Awareness: Educate the public on environmental issues and engage local communities in EIA campaigns.
• Data Collection and Accountability: Use research and the Right to Information Act to gather data on environmental impacts and file litigations for accountability.
• Promoting Ethical Standards: Train communities to participate effectively in EIAs and advocate for transparent, ethical practices.
• Collaboration with Government: Work with government agencies to promote transparency in EIAs and engage the media to bring attention to environmental issues, pressuring decision-makers.

Examples

• Save Silent Valley Campaign: The Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad opposed a hydroelectric project in Silent Valley National Park, resulting in the area’s proposal as a Biosphere Reserve.
• POSCO Steel Project, Odisha: Greenpeace India and local groups opposed this project due to environmental concerns, ultimately leading to its cancellation in 2017.
• Narmada Bachao Andolan: Opposed the Sardar Sarovar Dam, highlighting environmental and social impacts, leading to improved project assessments.
• Sterlite Copper Case: NGO protests influenced the Supreme Court’s decision to close the plant over pollution concerns, emphasizing the importance of effective EIAs.

Conclusion
ENGOs and activists ensure that authorities prioritize environmental and social impacts in development projects. Strengthening ENGOs can help promote sustainable practices that benefit communities and ecosystems.

Q9: Explain how nacro- terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorisam. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Narco-terrorism involves using organized terror by states, insurgents, or criminal networks to achieve political, economic, or social objectives through drug trafficking. This phenomenon is particularly linked to the narcotics-producing regions of the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle.

Narco-Terrorism as a Threat

• Narco-terrorism creates a dual threat of violence and organized crime, destabilizing nations, corrupting institutions, and fostering insecurity by financing insurgencies, cartels, and extremist networks worldwide.
• Impact on India: Northeast states, Punjab, and Jammu & Kashmir are particularly affected, with drug trafficking networks exploiting porous borders with Afghanistan and Myanmar to finance terrorism.

Measures to Counter Narco-Terrorism

• Enhanced Border Surveillance: Use advanced technologies like drones, satellite imagery, and AI-based surveillance to curb drug smuggling.
• Financial Monitoring: Implement strong financial intelligence mechanisms to trace and disrupt narcotic-linked terror financing.
• International Cooperation: Strengthen partnerships with organizations like UNODC and Interpol to dismantle global narco-terror networks.
• Public Awareness and Rehabilitation: Conduct anti-drug campaigns and establish de-addiction programs to weaken the consumer base.
• Legal Reforms: Strengthen laws for harsher punishment against drug traffickers and terror financiers.

Conclusion
A multi-faceted approach is essential to counter narco-terrorism. Enhancing border security, strengthening international cooperation, and enforcing stringent anti-money laundering laws like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, along with socio-economic measures, can help foster long-term stability.

Q10: Describe the context and salient features of Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. (Answer in 150 words)
Ans:
Introduction
With the rapid growth of digital technology and increased reliance on data-driven services, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, represents a major step forward in India’s data privacy landscape.

Context

• Rapid Digitalization: Over 750 million internet users in India as of 2023.
• Rising Data Breaches: High-profile breaches, such as the Air India data breach in 2021.
• Global Data Protection Trends: Influences from international regulations like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
• Outdated Laws: Reliance on the IT Act, 2000, which is inadequate for current data protection needs.
• Digital Public Infrastructure: Systems like Aadhaar, the largest biometric ID system, highlight the need for robust data protection.

Salient Features

• Applicability: Covers digital personal data processing in India and abroad if services are offered in India.
• Consent Requirement: Individuals must consent to data processing, with clear notice about data collection purposes.
• Rights of Data Principals: Individuals can obtain information on data processing and request corrections.
• Obligations of Data Fiduciaries: Fiduciaries must ensure data accuracy and erase data after fulfilling its purpose.
• Exemptions: Certain rights and obligations do not apply in cases such as crime prevention or government activities for state security.
• Data Protection Board of India: A regulatory body to oversee compliance, impose penalties, and handle grievances.

Conclusion
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, is a landmark in India’s data protection journey, balancing individual privacy rights with national interests and ensuring digital democracy within a framework of enhanced scrutiny.

Q11: Discuss the merits and demerits of the four Labour Codes' in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard? (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
India’s four Labour Codes on Wages, Industrial Relations, Social Security, and Occupational Safety represent a significant transformation of the country’s labor laws.

Merits

• Simplification of Laws: Over 40 labor laws consolidated into four codes streamline compliance for businesses, reducing legal complexities.
• Improved Flexibility for Employers: The Industrial Relations Code increased the retrenchment threshold requiring government approval from 100 to 300 employees, allowing for more employer flexibility.
• Enhanced Worker Protections: The Social Security Code extends benefits to gig and platform workers, widening social security coverage.
• Occupational Safety and Health: The Occupational Safety Code mandates stricter workplace safety measures, including health checks, safety committees, and better facilities for workers.

Demerits

• Ambiguity in Definitions: Undefined terms, such as "workers" and "gig workers," could lead to exploitation and confusion.
• Exclusion of Vulnerable Workers: The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code does not cover NGOs or charitable organizations, leaving a portion of the social service sector unprotected.
• Resistance from States: Implementation delays in some states risk inconsistent labor laws.
• Reduced Collective Bargaining: The 75% worker support requirement for union recognition may fragment representation, weakening collective bargaining.
• Potential for Exploitation: Fixed-term contracts could increase worker exploitation and reduce job security.

Progress so far

• Legislative Approval: All four Labour Codes have been passed by Parliament and received presidential assent.
• Implementation Status: Passed in 2019 and 2020, the codes are yet to be implemented.
• State Progress: By June 2024, 24 states and UTs had formulated rules under all four new labor codes.

Conclusion
The implementation of these codes aims to bring substantial changes to India’s labor market, simplifying and modernizing labor laws. However, full execution is still awaited to realize their potential impact.

Q12: What is the need for expanding the regional air connectivity in India? In this context, discuss the government's UDAN Scheme and its achievements. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Enhancing regional air connectivity is essential for inclusive development in India. To achieve this, the government launched the Regional Connectivity Scheme – Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (RCS-UDAN).

Regional Air Connectivity – A Necessity

• Economic Stimulation: Better connectivity stimulates local economies by promoting trade, tourism, and investment in remote areas.
• Access to Essential Services: Improved air links enable underserved regions to access vital services more easily.
• Employment Generation: Increased air traffic creates jobs in aviation, hospitality, and related industries, benefiting local communities.
• Boosting Tourism: Enhanced connectivity supports tourism in remote and scenic areas, reducing the urban-rural divide and fostering equitable growth.
• Disaster Response: Faster connectivity ensures quicker response times during natural disasters.

RCS-UDAN Scheme

• Objectives: Part of the National Civil Aviation Policy 2016, UDAN aims to improve infrastructure and connectivity in underserved regions, catering to the aspirations of the common citizen.

Achievements:

• Various versions, including UDAN 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, focus on last-mile connectivity and tourism through small aircraft.
• The scheme has served over 1 crore passengers and operated more than 2.5 lakh flights, enhancing airport development and making air travel more accessible.
• By April 2024, 85 airports were operational under UDAN, connecting 30 states and UTs, from Mundra in Gujarat to Tezu in Arunachal Pradesh.

Conclusion
While RCS-UDAN has transformed the aviation landscape by connecting remote areas, challenges remain due to low occupancy rates and infrastructure gaps. Despite these hurdles, UDAN has made air travel more accessible and affordable, benefiting lower-middle-class citizens and promoting regional integration.

Q13: What are the major challenges faced by the Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
India’s agriculture consumes nearly 80% of its annual freshwater supply, about 700 billion cubic meters. As of 2022-23, 52% of the 141 million hectares of gross sown area had access to irrigation, up from 41% in 2016, emphasizing the need for effective irrigation management.

Challenges Faced by the Indian Irrigation System

• Water Depletion: Overuse of groundwater has led to depleted water tables across 64% of Indian districts.
• Climate Change: Shifts in river courses and increased crop water needs make water a limiting factor.
• Old Infrastructure: Outdated irrigation systems require substantial upgrades.
• Poor Maintenance: Canals suffer from inadequate upkeep, leading to inefficiencies; lack of participatory management worsens the issue.
• Changing Land Use: The adoption of water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions deviates from sustainable agricultural planning.
• Funding Constraints: Limited funds for subsidies, with misallocation and underutilization impacting scheme effectiveness.

Government Measures for Efficient Irrigation Management

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY): Aims to improve irrigation distribution and expand coverage, increasing agricultural productivity.
• Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): Launched in 2019 to promote water conservation in 256 water-stressed districts.
• Catch the Rain Initiative: Launched in 2021, focusing on rainwater harvesting and water conservation across all districts.
• Bureau of Water Use Efficiency (BWUE): Established in 2022 to promote efficient water use across sectors, including agriculture.
• Per Drop More Crop (PDMC): Since 2015-16, this scheme promotes micro-irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler systems to enhance water use efficiency.

Conclusion
To address water depletion and outdated infrastructure, India must adopt sustainable irrigation practices, modernize systems, and promote micro-irrigation. Efficient fund utilization and participatory management are essential for achieving water security and improving agricultural productivity.

Q14: Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. What are the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock? Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans: 
Introduction
Buffer stock refers to reserved commodities that stabilize prices and ensure supply during emergencies. Initiated during the Fourth Five-Year Plan, buffer stocks help stabilize agricultural prices, ensure food security, and protect farmer incomes.

Importance of Buffer Stocks for Stabilizing Agricultural Prices in India

• Food Security: Ensures food availability for vulnerable populations during crises like droughts or floods.
• Public Distribution: Supports regular food grain release through the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Other Welfare Schemes (OWS).
• Emergency Response: Provides a buffer against unexpected crop failures, natural disasters, and other emergencies.
• Price Stabilization: Helps maintain stable prices for essential grains by regulating supply. For example, in 2022-23, FCI released 34.82 lakh tonnes of wheat to curb retail cereal inflation.
• Support to Farmers: Guarantees a minimum support price (MSP), stabilizing farmer incomes and encouraging production.
• Disaster Management: Provides food relief during natural disasters, such as the free ration distribution during COVID-19.

Challenges

• Storage Issues: Inadequate storage facilities cause significant wastage, with 22% of foodgrain output wasted annually.
• Procurement Imbalance: Excessive rice and wheat procurement leads to overstocking, neglects other grains, and hampers crop diversification.
• Financial Burden: Large stocks incur high costs in procurement, storage, and distribution, with transit losses costing FCI approximately Rs. 300 crores annually.
• Distribution Inefficiencies: The PDS suffers from leakages, pilferage, and corruption, with leakages at 22%, according to the 2022-23 NSS survey.
• Quality Concerns: Maintaining food grain quality over long storage periods is challenging.

Conclusion
Buffer stocks are essential for stabilizing prices and ensuring food security in India. Addressing storage, procurement, and distribution issues, along with improving infrastructure, will enhance system efficiency, benefiting farmers and consumers alike.

Q15: The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies citing their key merits and demerits. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Freshwater comprises only 2.5% of the Earth’s water, with just 1% easily accessible. Most freshwater is stored in glaciers and snowfields, leaving only 0.007% available for 8 billion people globally.

State of Clean and Safe Freshwater Shortage

• Increased Demand: Water use has grown at more than twice the rate of population increase over the last century.
• Future Scarcity: By 2025, half of the world’s population may experience water scarcity.
• Potential Displacement: Severe water scarcity could displace around 700 million people by 2030.
• Child Vulnerability: By 2040, 1 in 4 children globally will live in high water-stress areas.

Alternative Technologies

• Desalination Technologies: Membrane technologies like reverse osmosis convert seawater into potable water.
• Wastewater Treatment: Technologies such as Electrocoagulation and Membrane Bioreactors enable wastewater recycling.
• Role of AI and IoT: AI and IoT can identify leaks and monitor water distribution networks to prevent water loss.
• Nanotechnology: Carbon Nanotube (CNT) filtration systems remove organic, inorganic, and biological contaminants.
• Photocatalytic Water Purification: Utilizes photocatalysts and ultraviolet rays to remove toxic substances and contaminants from water.

Technology Merits and Demerits
Desalination Technologies:

• Merits: Reliable freshwater source; supports water supply diversification during droughts.
• Demerits: High energy consumption; disposal of concentrated salt can harm marine ecosystems.

Wastewater Treatment:

• Merits: Promotes water reuse; prevents untreated wastewater discharge.
• Demerits: High capital cost; energy-intensive and requires technical expertise.

CNT Filtration Systems:

• Merits: Removes contaminants, including bacteria and heavy metals, at fast filtration rates.
• Demerits: High cost limits large-scale use; environmental concerns over CNT release.

Conclusion
Integrating advanced technologies such as desalination, wastewater treatment, and AI offers innovative solutions to freshwater scarcity, enhancing water quality and sustainable management for broader access to clean water.

Q16: What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them causing extinction of life? What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe? (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Asteroids, also known as minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants from the early formation of the solar system approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Most are found in the main asteroid belt, orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

Threats Posed by Asteroids
Historical Impact: A large asteroid impact 66 million years ago led to the extinction of dinosaurs and other species.
Localized Devastation: Smaller asteroids can cause localized damage, such as triggering tsunamis, wildfires, and atmospheric disruptions.

• Examples: The Chelyabinsk meteor explosion in 2013 caused widespread destruction in Russia, while the Tunguska event in 1908 led to a massive explosion in Siberia.

• Space Debris: A fragmented asteroid could create hazardous debris, posing risks to satellites, space stations, and future space missions.

Strategies to Prevent an Asteroid Impact Catastrophe
Asteroid Detection and Monitoring:

• Organizations like NASA and ESA actively monitor and catalogue potentially hazardous asteroids.
• Surveys and Telescopes: Ground-based and space-based telescopes, such as NASA’s NEOWISE mission, track near-Earth objects (NEOs) to assess potential risks.

Deflection Missions:

• Kinetic Impactor: NASA's DART mission successfully tested deflecting an asteroid by colliding a spacecraft with it.
• Gravity Tractor: A spacecraft could alter an asteroid’s path using gravitational force, without direct contact.

Nuclear Detonation:

• In extreme cases, detonating a nuclear device near an asteroid could break it apart or change its course, though fragmentation risks remain.

Futuristic Approach:

• ISRO plans to study an asteroid in 2029, potentially collaborating on missions with international agencies like JAXA, ESA, and NASA.

Conclusion
Although asteroids pose significant risks, advances in detection, deflection technologies, and international cooperation are strengthening planetary defense. These developments ensure better preparedness and may open opportunities for asteroid resource utilization in the future.

Q17: What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also, mention the global targets of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2020-2030). (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Disaster resilience refers to the capacity to withstand, adapt to, and recover from the adverse effects of natural hazards on people, infrastructure, and the environment.

Factors Determining Disaster Resilience

• Adaptive Capacity: The ability to adjust to disturbances, mitigate damage, and learn from previous events.
• Exposure to Risk: The extent and frequency of exposure to hazards.
• Sensitivity: The degree to which a system is affected by disturbances.
• Organisation: The capacity for organizing and learning from past events to reduce future risks.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)
The Sendai Framework, endorsed by the UN General Assembly, aims to reduce disaster risks and losses, with shared responsibility between governments and stakeholders.

Priorities for Action

• Priority 1: Disaster risk management should be based on understanding disaster risk in all its dimensions, including vulnerability, capacity, exposure, hazard characteristics, and the environment.
• Priority 2: Governance at national, regional, and global levels is crucial for managing disaster risk in all sectors.
• Priority 3: Public and private investment in risk prevention and reduction through both structural and non-structural measures is essential for resilience.
• Priority 4: Disaster preparedness must be enhanced to enable effective response and recovery, embodying the principle of “Build Back Better.”

Conclusion
India has committed to the Sendai Framework’s goals and priorities, with initiatives such as the USD 1 million grant extended to UNISDR to support the framework's implementation in Asia. This strengthens disaster resilience through focused actions in risk assessment, governance, and preparedness.

Q18: Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Urban flooding, a climate-induced disaster, occurs when intense rainfall overwhelms drainage systems in densely populated urban areas.

Causes of Urban Flooding

• Climate Change: Warmer air holds more moisture, resulting in heavier rainfall, while urban heat islands disrupt seasonal weather patterns. Rising sea levels increase risks for coastal cities, leading to both flooding and freshwater contamination.
• Urbanisation: Increased impervious surfaces lead to elevated runoff and reduced water absorption, while encroachments on floodplains disrupt natural water flow.
• Improper Solid Waste Management: Clogged drainage systems due to poor waste management exacerbate flood risks, especially when sewage mixes with stormwater.

Major Flood Events

• Chennai Floods (2015): Heavy rains, poor drainage, and urban expansion led to severe flooding, with the destruction of natural water bodies and the reduction of marshlands contributing to the disaster.
• Mumbai Floods (2005): Extreme rainfall overwhelmed a century-old drainage system, and urbanization’s impact on mangroves and green spaces exacerbated flooding.

Policies and Frameworks to Tackle Urban Floods in India

• Guidelines on Management of Urban Flooding (2010): Issued by the NDMA, these guidelines promote a multi-disciplinary approach for urban flood management.
• Smart Cities Mission (2015): Supports sustainable urban infrastructure, including advanced drainage and flood management systems.
• AMRUT 2.0: Focuses on improving stormwater drainage and infrastructure in urban areas to reduce flood risks.
• Storm Water Drainage Manual (2019): Provides guidance on sustainable stormwater management and flood response planning.

Conclusion
With climate change posing increasing flood risks, effective urban flood management requires sustainable infrastructure, adherence to NDMA guidelines, and resilient urban planning to safeguard cities.

Q19: India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans: 
Introduction
India’s borders with China and Pakistan present historical disputes and ongoing security challenges.

India’s Border with China and Pakistan

• China (LAC): The Line of Actual Control spans approximately 3,440 km, marked by infrastructure competition and frequent skirmishes, as seen in incidents like the Galwan Valley clash in 2020.
• Pakistan (LOC): The Line of Control stretches around 740 km, characterized by cross-border shelling and infiltration attempts by militants, such as the 2019 Pulwama attack.

Conflicting Issues and Security Challenges

• China: The undefined boundary has led to periodic confrontations, with incidents such as the 2017 Doklam standoff heightening tensions. Smuggling of Chinese goods also adds to the challenges along this border.
• Pakistan: Frequent LoC violations and disputes over Sir Creek add to the complex security environment. Cross-border shelling and terrorism continue to be significant issues.

Border Area Development Programme (BADP)

• BADP aims to improve infrastructure and living conditions in border areas, with projects like roads, schools, and healthcare facilities to enhance security and socio-economic conditions.

Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme

• BIM supports infrastructure development, including border fencing, floodlights, roads, and Border OutPosts (BOPs) along borders with Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and others.

Conclusion
Through BADP and BIM, India is strengthening border security and fostering development, aiming for a balanced approach to border management.

Q20: Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the security implications of social media? Also suggest any other remedies to address the problem. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans:
Introduction
Social media and encrypted messaging services have transformed communication in India, offering powerful tools for connectivity but also presenting significant security challenges.

Security Challenges of Social Media and Encrypted Messaging Services

• Misinformation: Social media rapidly spreads false information, which can fuel unrest, as seen during the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Radicalization: Extremist groups recruit via encrypted platforms, with ISIS using apps like Telegram to spread propaganda.
• Cybercrime: Social platforms enable scams, identity theft, and other cybercrimes, with recent incidents like deep fake scams in 2023.
• Data Privacy: User data misuse remains a concern, exemplified by the 2018 Cambridge Analytica scandal.
• Digital Warfare: Social media can be weaponized for disinformation, as evidenced by alleged Russian interference in the 2020 U.S. elections.

Measures to Address Social Media Security Challenges

• IT Act 2000: Governs online communication, with Section 69A enabling content blocking for security and Section 79(1) providing conditional immunity for intermediaries.
• IT Rules 2021: Mandates content moderation and user privacy notifications.
• Grievance Officers: Platforms must appoint officers to handle complaints.
• Fact-Checking: Platforms must remove false content flagged by the government, with recent amendments currently under Supreme Court review.

Conclusion
Combining technological solutions, digital literacy initiatives, and collaboration between stakeholders can create a secure online environment. Balancing national security interests with individual privacy rights is essential for a safe and vibrant digital ecosystem.